To what degree are resourcing stragegies constrained by the nature of Essay

To what degree are resourcing stragegies constrained by the nature of the external employement market and how can the human resources function respond to these - Essay Example It basically deals with the process of selection and socialization of new recruits towards getting the right work done by the right people. Aside from this, resourcing also helps the company understand the expectations of its prospective employees on issues such as: the reasons why people work, expected working conditions and salaries, promotions and the varying employment levels, effects of competitor activities on employee availability, and working patterns. On the other hand, the Hudson Institute, in its Workforce 2020 publication, indicated that resourcing strategies are, as a whole, not only involves the needs and expectations of employees but as well as the movement of its external environment. This involved the aspects of: (a) economic and technological change, (b) workforce availability and quality concerns, (c) demographics and diversity issues, and (d) organizational restructuring. Given the aforementioned issues and constraints, there is evidence to prove that the external employment environment has a great contribution in the manner to which organizations utilize its resourcing strategies. Before further discussion on the nature of the external environment, there is a need to answer the question, why do people work? In any working environment, people work, not only because they want to, but initially because they need to. In exchange for the amount of work they do for companies, employees get compensated and rewarded for the work well-done. Like in the case of American Express (HRM Guide, 2001), wherein it awarded its Canadian staff after the company had surpassed its 5-year financial targets and record. Since people work in exchange of the compensation they get, American Express equaled the loyalty and hard work of its 3,500 employees by benefiting them with a bonus plan for its entire Canadian staff and a stock purchase plan in which the employees can have an option of buying the company’s shares through its savings

Goal Statement for a master program Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goal for a master program - Personal Statement Example My initial plan was to delve into a career in finance or marketing which were potentially interesting at that time, prior to the financial global crisis. However, after I transferred to George Mason University (GMU), I decided that Biology major is a better fit for me. A career in biology gives opportunities in the areas of research, health care, environmental management and conservation, and even in education, where I am more enthusiastic in. I am duly organized, determined, consistently a high academic achiever. The awards and accolades from GMU speak of my personal discipline and intellectual talent. I prefer analyzing data, looking at a big picture than doing research at a lab. I am fluent in English and Vietnamese; proficient in using the Microsoft Office Suite program and a reliable team worker. Studying at GMU was a great and rewarding experience. The academic institution is just exemplary and the professors are all inspiringly impressive. The interactions with my professors and my friends made me want to come back and pursue higher education. My original plan was to apply for a master program in Biology at GMU. However, I inadvertently missed the application deadline so I opt to study for a certificate program in Bioinformatics instead. I believe that this is one of the few certificate programs at GMU that has the option which allows students to take additional courses to earn a master degree after finishing the certificate program. Likewise, it is one’s personal contention that Bioinformatics will give me more selections and opportunities for future career paths. As I have had professional experience working as a pharmacy technician, the program is appropriately applicable and can be used to further my craft. More importantly, I could be given more privileges in terms of working with either public or private scientific research institutes, hospitals, manufacturing organizations of

MDCM (B) write up Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MDCM (B) write up - Case Study Example & Norton, J. F., â€Å"MDCM, Inc. (B): Strategic IT Portfolio Management†). Along with defining, prioritizing and framing useful recommendations, the paper also constitutes a score card in order to evaluate each prioritized projects and also comparing the prescribed projects using the Portfolio Application Model Matrix (Jeffery, M. & Norton, J. F., â€Å"MDCM, Inc. (B): Strategic IT Portfolio Management†). The MDCM corporate board should keep prime focus upon defining, initiating and prioritizing top IT projects that should support or help MDCM’s strategic business goals in order to compensate huge losses that the organization faced during the last five successive years. In this connection, the MDCM board should assess their prioritized projects initiative that would ultimately provide high value and low risk towards the business organization. Moreover, the corporate board of MDCM should lay emphasis upon the long-term competitive advantage of the organization along with tackling the risk issues that are mainly associated or related with them (Jeffery, M. & Norton, J. F., â€Å"MDCM, Inc. (B): Strategic IT Portfolio Management†). The most appropriate IT project initiatives that MDCM analyses can become a part in order to improve its global IT. The organization took the initiative on unifying its methodology and technical values. The corporate team of MDCM wanted to eliminate the numerous different standards and IT methodologies that are prevailing across the company. This approach would help them to reduce the project sequence and encourage information distribution across IT development teams. This initiative was very much essential for MDCM in order to improve the future system development capability of the organization (Jeffery, M. & Norton, J. F., â€Å"MDCM, Inc. (B): Strategic IT Portfolio Management†). The other significant project initiative of

Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespeare - Essay Example Two well known film interpretations are Roman Polanski’s 1971 classic and Geoffrey Wright’s 2007 modern version. These two films have been made with contrasting values and attitudes, yet are true to the original text. Wright’s version is however more suitable for a younger audience than Polanski’s classic version as Wright has set it in a contemporary context. The movie’s fast paced narration, its theme of underground Melbourne gang and trendy costumes make it far more appealing to young viewers than Polanski’s seventeenth century approach. Polanski has made one of the grittiest Shakespeare films with some realistic period costuming of Zeffirelli and a cold and clammy castle set for a location. Director Geoffrey Wright in his version attempts to make Macbeth contemporary by setting it in the contemporary Melbourne underworld. Here swords are substituted by guns and royalty by gangsters. Wright’s Macbeth is gritty, violent but critically flawed at times. Roman Polanski has set his play in the middle Ages whereas Geoffrey Wright moves the action into the present with an Australian background. Luxus und Dekadenz sind geradezu spà ¼rbar.Wright’s movie portrays luxury and corruption. The actors are stylish, always fashionable dressed whereas Polanski replicates the Middle Ages with some realistic costuming by Zeffirelli. Fitting a play which was written hundreds of years ago into a modern film with a contemporary setting is difficult, but Wright has done it extremely well. The original play is about Kings, Lo rds and Ladies. Wright modernises this by transforming King Duncan into the Drug Baron and the Lords as members of his gang. The weapons are also replaced by machine guns and the horses and carriages by Audis and dirt-bikes. Technology too is evident in the movie. Macbeth’s house is equipped with security cameras and monitors. This makes the audience feel that the

Learning & process Essay Example for Free

Learning process Essay Learning is a never ending process. When a person graduates from primary or tertiary education, he or she should never be contented with the knowledge that he or she has acquired. Instead, there should always be a sense of longing, thriving, and enthusiasm for more knowledge. An adult is just equally capable as a person in his prime years to learn and acquire knowledge. One should not consider his age as an obstacle to nurture and nourish his brain with more information that are yet to be acquired. A person should never be contented with whatever little knowledge he has. An adult who enters graduate school has more advantages than disadvantages. An adult would have more experiences in life and in living compared with others, and this would enable the former to connect his experiences with his education. In other words, there would be a more realistic approach to learning. Often, people who enter graduate school with little experience from their jobs would tend to be more idealistic with their views about the theories presented in class. The decision of an adult to enter into graduate school to obtain a master’s degree falls in between the life stages of Transcending and Life Calling. These stages talks about a person’s journey in life wherein he has already mastered his craft and already knows his strengths and weaknesses. As such, he would now use this knowledge to achieve his goal in life. Thereafter, this person may now realize his purpose and this is associated with his life calling. The reason for living of the person becomes clear, and he is now ready to make radical steps for the realization of his goal. The decision to enter into graduate school is not easy. But, a person who has a clear idea of what he wants in life would not think twice about making this decision. The person would view graduate school as a means, a tool to enable him to achieve his goal to make him successful. Resources: Manifest Your Potential. 2004-2005. The Eight Stages of Life. Retrieved from http://www. manifestyourpotential. com/en/lifeskills/lifestages/eight_stages. htm

Novel Dihydroquinoline Derivatives Facile Synthesis

Novel Dihydroquinoline Derivatives Facile Synthesis Facile synthesis of novel dihydroquinoline-3,3-dicarbonitriles in the presence of glacial aceticacid as catalyst under solvent-free conditions Masoud Nasr-Esfahani* and Elham Kanaani Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Abstract A series of novel dihydroquinoline derivatives were synthesized using malononitrile, 2-aminobenzoic acid and benzaldehydes in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid, without the use of any additional co-catalyst, under solvent-free conditions. The reaction is characterized by high efficiency, easy workup, simple purification of the products and availability of catalyst. Keywords: Dihydroquinoline derivatives, Acetic acid, Malononitrile, 2-Aminobenzoic acid, solvent-free Introduction Heterocyclic compounds including nitrogen, have an important role in organic chemistry. Among these compounds, the quinoline derivatives have attracted great attention because of their application in biological and pharmacological fields. They act as antimalarial,[1-3] anti-psychotic,[4] antihypertensive,[5] anti-parasitic,[6] anthelmintic,[7] antitubercular,[8] antiasthmatic,9] antifungals,[10,11] anticancer,[12] anti-inflammatory,[13] anti-HIV,[14] anti-AIDS,[15] and antineoplastic.[16]A few promising compounds with quinoline ring system are shown as 13 compounds (Fig. 1). Furthermore, quinoline derivatives can be used in the synthesis of fungicides, biocides, alkaloids and flavoring agents,[17] as well as these compounds find use in manufacturing a wide variety of food and lake colors. They could generate a sharp green electroluminescence and have the high quantum efficiency of emission in the blue and the green region.[18] Therefore, in regard to these observations and importance of pharmaceutical and biological of these compounds, herein we study the solvent-free synthesis of novel dihydroquinoline derivatives in presence of glacial acetic acid as catalyst. In the context of green chemistry, the development of clean technologies is very important in organic and medicinal chemistry. The use of available and nontoxic catalysts and replacing solution reactions with solvent-free ones are some cases that can help reduction and elimination of harmful effects of chemical reactions.[19] The volatile nature and toxicity of many organic solvents that are widely used for organic reactions have propounded a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, in recent years, the design of solid-state reaction has received much attention from the eco-friendly synthesis viewpoint.   Solvent-free techniques represent several significant synthetic benefits including savings in money, time and products, and simplicity of the experimental procedure and work-up technique. In recent times application of nontoxic catalysts such as glacial acetic acid in chemical reactions has been an area of interest. Acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent and can act as a mild and efficient catalyst for the promotion of the organic reactions. Other factors that stimulate the use of acetic acid include the price of catalyst and simplicity of the work-up procedure. In this research, we report the synthesis of 4-oxo-2-aryl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,3(4H)-dicarbonitriles, that involves two steps, in presence of glacial acetic acid under solvent-free conditions. AcOH is an efficient, inexpensive and available acid and in recent decades has been recognizing as a mild catalyst in organic synthesis.[20] Results and Discussion In continuation of our studies in the development of the synthetic methodologiesfor the preparing of fine chemicals and heterocyclic compounds of biological importance,[21-25] herein, we were interested in reporting the synthesis of novel dihydroquinoline derivatives in the presence of the glacial acetic acid as a mild and efficient catalyst. This synthesis involves two steps: firstly, 2-(2-aminobenzoyl) malononitrile intermediate (6) was synthesized via the glacial acetic acid-catalyzed reaction of 2-aminobenzoic acid (4) with malononitrile (5) under solvent-free condition. Subsequently, the novel dihydroquinoline derivatives (8)were prepared by addition of benzaldehyde derivatives (7) to the mixture reaction and attack on the intermediate 6 and followed by intermolecular cyclization (Scheme 1, Table 1). The main advantage ofthis reaction that was carried out with AcOH is that the percentage of peripheral products was low and the recrystallization was also much easier. The 1H NMR spectrum of 8b showed a singlet identified as CH (ÃŽÂ ´ = 4.263 ppm), and a signal at ÃŽÂ ´ 7.831 ppm for NH group. The signals appearing in the 7.308-8.197 ppm are assigned for aromatic rings protons. The proton decoupled 13CNMR spectrum of 8b compound exhibited 14 distinct resonances that confirmed the proposed structure. The infrared spectra (IR) of these compounds show NH bonds appearing at 3388-3453 cm-1. The bands found at 2210-2229 cm-1 are attributed to the CN groups. The intense bands appearing at 1695-1700 cm-1 are assigned to carbonyl groups. The peaks in the region of 1025-1350 cm-1 are assigned for à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (C-N) stretching vibration. The proposed mechanism in which acetic acid has catalyzed this conversion was depicted in Scheme 3. Initially, the proton of acetic acid activates carbonyl group of 2-aminobenzoic acid (3) to achieve intermediate 9 and thus increases the electrophilicity carbonyl carbon of acid. In the following, nucleophilic addition of intermediate 10 was done by intermediate 9 and following the loss of H2O intermediate 6 was produced. In the next step, with the addition of an aromatic aldehyde to the reaction mixture, the carbonyl group of aldehyde   was activated by acetic acid to give intermediate 11 thus increases the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon of aldehyde 7 . The reaction proceeds by nucleophilic addition of the amino group of 6 to the activated aldehyde to afford intermediate 12 and following loss of H2O intermediate 13 was produced. Finally, with intermolecular cyclization of intermediate 13 the product 8 was produced (Scheme 2). Conclusions In summary, a novel class of dihydroquinoline derivatives 8 was obtained using 2-aminobenzoic acid, malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes in presence of AcOH as catalyst under solvent-free conditions. These novel compounds as potentially useful compounds with possible biological and pharmaceutical activities can be applied in various fields such as medicinal and agricultural areas. The most important features of this protocol are an inexpensive and available catalyst, simple purification, easy work-up, with the desired products being isolated in excellent yields. Experimental Section Chemicals and reagents were purchased from Merck, Fluka, and Aldrichchemical companiesand were used without further purification. IR spectra were recorded applying a FT-IR JASCO-680 spectrophotometer in KBr with absorptions in cm-1. The 1H NMR (400 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz Ultrashield spectrometer in DMSO-d6 solution with TMS as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded by the Fisons Trio 1000 (70 ev). All melting points were measured on a Barnstead Electrothermal (BI 9300) apparatus in open capillary tubes and all are uncorrected. The progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). General procedure for the synthesis of dihydroquinoline derivatives using AcOH Firstly, a mixture of malononitrile 5 (1.0 mmol, 0.06 g), 2-aminobenzoic acid 4 (1.0 mmol, 0.14 g) and glacial acetic acid (o.2 ml), was heated at 80  °C under solvent-free conditions with concomitant stirring for the 6 h (reactions were monitored by TLC). Subsequently, with the formation of intermediate 6, aromatic aldehyde 7 (1.0 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was stirred under reflux for the suitable time (reactions were monitored by TLC). After completion of the reaction, ethyl acetate was added and the obtained mixture filtered and then washed with water. After that, the obtained crude products were recrystallized in ethyl acetate to afford the pure product in 70-87% yields (table 1). The products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopic methods. 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,3(4H)-dicarbonitrile (8a): Brown solid, Mp: 238-240  °C;IR (KBr, cm-1): 3440, 3165, 2225, 1695, 1509, 1417, 1344, 1203, 1160, 833, 572; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 8.39 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz, aromatic CH), 8.30 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, aromatic CH), 8.15 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz, aromatic CH), 8.07 (s, 1H, NH), 7.91 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, aromatic CH), 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H, aromatic CH ), 4.62 (s, 1H, CH); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): 203.81, 162.54, 149.23, 148.75, 138.52, 131.44, 129.52, 126.17, 124.65, 118.15, 116.19, 111.06, 60.24, 56.02; MS (m/z): 318.1[C17H10N4O3]+, 293.1 [C16H11N3O3]+, 246.1 [C16H12N3]+, 234.1 [C16H12NO]+, 184.1 [C11H8N2O]+, 277, 170, 127, 101, 89, 75. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Yasouj University for supporting this work. SUPPORTING INFORMATION Experimental method, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass and MP for this article can be found via the Supplementary Content section of this articles webpage. Broom, A. D.; Shim, J. L.; Anderson, G. L. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 1095. References Kaur, K.; Jain, M.; Reddy, R. P.; Jain, R. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3245-3264. Marella, A.; Tanwar, O. P.; Saha, R.; Ali, M. R.; Srivastava, S.; Akhter, M.; Shaquiquzzaman, M.; Alam, M. M.   Saudi.   Pharm. J. 2013, 21, 1-12. Wang, X. S.; Zhang, M. M.; Jiang, H.; Yao, C. S.; TU, S. J. Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 4439-4449. Li, K.; Li, Y.; Zhou, D.; Fan, Y.; Guo, H.; Ma, T.; Wen, J.; Liu, D.; Zhao, L. Bioorg.   Med. Chem. 2016, 24,1889-1897. Eswaran, S.; Adhikari, A. V.; Chowdhury, I. H.; Pal, N. K.; Thomas, K. D. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3374-3383. Ulahannan, R. T.; Panicker, C. Y.; Varghese, H. T.; Musiol, R.; Jampilek, J.; Alsenoy, C. V.; War, J. A.; Srivastave, S. K. Spectrochim. Acta. A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2015, 151, 184-197. Ortiz-Cervantes, C.; Flores-Alamo, M.; Garcia, J. J. Tetrahedron lett. 2016, 57, 766-771. Almansour, A. I.; Arumugam, N.; Kumar, R. S.; Menendez, J. C.; Ghabbour, H. A.; Fun, H. K.; Kumar, R. R. Tetrahedron lett. 2015, 56, 6900- 6903. Ghaffari Khaligh, N. Chin. J. Catal. 2014, 35, 474-480. Safaei-Ghomi, J.; Ghasemzadeh, M. A. J. Nanostruct. 2012, 1, 243-248. R. Musiol, J. Jampilek, V. Buchta, L, Silva, H, Niedbala, B. Podeszwa, A. Palka, K. Mejerz- Maniecka, B. Oleksyn, J. Polanski, Antifungal properties of new series of quinoline derivatives, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 3592- 3598. M. M. Ghorab, F. A. Ragab, H. I. Heiba, R. K. Arafa, E. M. El-Hossary, In vitro anticancer screening and radiosensitizing evaluation of some new quinolines and pyrimido[4,5-b] quinolines bearing a sulfonamide moiety, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3677-3684. Ch. Yu, H. Zhang, Ch. Yao, T. Li, B. Qin, J. Lu, D. Wang, One-pot three-component synthesis of benzo[f]thiopyrano[3,4-b]quinolin-11(8H)-one derivatives, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2014, 51, 702-705. J. H. Peng, R. H. Jia, N. Ma, G. Zhang, F. Y. Wu, A facile and expeditious microwave-assisted synthesis of furo [3,4-b]indeno[2,1-f]quinolin-1-one derivatives via multicomponent reaction, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2013, 50, 899-902. C. Benard, F. Zouhiri, M. Normand-Bayle, M. Danet, D. Desmaele, H. Leh, J. F. Mouscadet, G. Mbemba, C. M. Thomas, S. Bonnenfant, M. Le Bret, J. dAngelo, Linker-modified quinoline derivatives targeting HIV-1 integrase: synthesis and biological activity, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 2473-2476. X. Xu, W. Liu, Zh. Wang, Y. Feng, Y. Yan, X. Zhang, Silver-catalyzed one-step synthesis of multiply substituted quinolines, Tetrahedron Lett. 2016, 57, 226-229. S. P. Shirame, S. Y. Jadhav, R. B. Bhosale,   Design and synthesis of 1,2,3- triazole quinoline analogues via click chemistry approach and their antimicrobial, antioxidant activites, Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2014, 7, 163-165. Y. T. Tao, E. Balasubramanian, A. Danel, B, Jarosz, P. Tomasik, Sharp green electroluminescence from IH-pyrazolo[3,4,b]quinoline-based light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1575-1577. M. Nasr-Esfahani, M. Montazerozohori, M. Taei, Aluminatesulfunic acid: Novel and recyclable nanocatalyst for efficient synthesis of aminoalkyl naphthols and amidoalkyl naphthols, C. R. Chim. 2016, 19, 986-994. M.   El-Sayed, K. Mahmoud, A. Hilgeroth, Glacial acetic acid as an efficient catalyst for simple synthesis of dindolymethans, Curr. Chem. Lett. 2014, 3, 7-14. M. Nasr-Esfahani, Z. Rafiee, M. Montazerozohori, H. Kashi, A highly efficient magnetic solid acid nanocatalyst for the synthesis of new bulky heterocyclic compounds, RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 47298- 47313. M. Nasr-Esfahani, M. Montazerozohori, M. Aghel-Mirrzaee, H. Kashi, Efficient and green catalytic synthesis of dihydropyrimidinone (thione) derivatives using cobalt nitrate in solvent-free conditions, J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 2014, 1, 2311-2314. M. Nasr-Esfahani, S. J. Hosseini, M. Montazerozohori, R. Mehrabi, H. Nasrabadi, Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: efficient and recoverable nanocatalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinolines and hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines under solvent-free conditions, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2014, 382, 99-105. M. Nasr-Esfahani, T. Abdizadeh, Nanorod vanadatesulfuric acid as a novel, recyclable and heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenzopyrans, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2013, 13, 5004- 5001. M. Nasr-Esfahani, S. J. Hosseini, F. Mohammadi, Fe3o4 nanoparticles as an efficient and magnetically recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones under solvent-free conditions , Chin. J. Catal. 2011, 32, 1484-1489. Figure 1: promising compounds with quinoline ring Scheme 1:Synthesis ofdihydroquinoline-3,3-dicarbonitrile derivatives Table 1. Synthesis of 4-oxo-2-aryl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,3(4H)-dicarbonitriles using AcOH Entry R Product Time 1 (h) Time 2 (h) Yield (%) a Mp ( °C) 8a 4-NO2 6 5 87 238-240 8b 4- Cl 6 6 87 201-204 8c 2,4- Cl2 6 6 84 177-179 8d 4- Br 6 8 74 217-225 8e 4- OMe 6 9 77 206-208 8f 4- Me 6 9 69 140-142 a Isolated yield. Scheme 2: Proposed mechanism for the formation of dihydroquinolines 8.

How Sunderland Prepared for the Air Raids

How Sunderland Prepared for the Air Raids Chapter 1 Preparing for Invasion: A case study of how Sunderland prepared for the air raids. Helen Jones highlights that In the 1930s experts and the public believed that in a future war, enemy aircraft would drop bombs that would devastate civilian populations.[1] Thus suggesting that the fear of aerial bombardment was not only on the mind of experts but the public as well, thus indicating they feared they could be killed from the destruction the bombs could cause. In 1939, Adolf Hitlers Luftwaffe took to the skies to terrorise the UK with the threat of dropping bombs. Hitler wanted to attack the United Kingdom in the dark of the night to ensure that the Luftwaffe attacks were not visible, thus creating a surprise attack on the civilians. The North-East of England was a prime target for Hitler as Sunderland in particular produced 25% of Britains shipping tonnage during the war thus highlighting the significance the North-East played in support the national war effort.[2] Also, Sunderland had long been hailed as the largest shipbuilding town in the world thus highlighting th e significant role Wearside played during the outbreak of Second World War. [3] Britain in particular on a national scale wanted to ensure that there was a defensive strategy in place to protect its nation from European attacks to prevent such an incident occurring like that of The Great War and the Zeppelin attacks, Calder indicates that Britain during the First World War had been raided by zeppelins, major damage had been caused across the country and many people did not have protection due to shelters not being prepared for the invasion.[4] As Travis L. Crosby indicates [i]n 1924, the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID) created a sub-committee to review civil defence policy alluding to the fact that the Government wanted a re-assessment and development of the current policy in order to strengthen the civil defence in case of the outbreak of another war.[5] Britains approach to providing air raid protection was very low key, not until the late 1930s the Air Raid Protection (ARP) committee as Joseph S. Meisel asserts embraced a wide range of measures to protect both the civilian population and the infrastructure.[6] A National Service booklet which was distributed to local governments nationwide indicated that there is a need for both men and women to join their local Air Raid Precaution service.[7] To entice people to join the war effort the people of Sunderland and in other areas were offered free training and if personnel had to relocate due to war demands then people were able to transfer from one local authority to another. Wearside needed protection from the German air threat so devised plans to train and ensure they had enough Air Raid Wardens (ARW) for the inhabitants of Sunderland and surrounding areas. The ARP wanted to have 5 to 6 wardens for every 400-500 inhabitants who have a thorough knowledge of their area. The Sunderland Borough Council ARP Committee highlight that one major responsibility of an ARW is to keep in touch and lease with inhabitants within their sector. [8] In 1937, British experts estimated that there was going to be a new war enemy, indicating that Hitler was goin g to try and recreate the carnage caused during the First World War by attacking Britain again by air. [9] In order to ensure that every inhabitant of Sunderland had a chance to contribute towards the war effort and protection of their locality numerous jobs were made available for them such as Rescue and Demolition Parties, First Aid Parties, Ambulance Drivers and Attendants just to name a few. [10] Allowing the people of Sunderland to be involved with the war effort ensured somewhat that public morale was on a high, thus highlighting that the residents of Sunderland had a sense of purpose. Due to the ever growing threat of bombings being immanent the ARP had to quickly mobilize ensuring that there was enough shelters and protection in place for the civilians of Britain. By September 28th 1939, there was 3,329 men and 740 women were involved with the Sunderland ARP highlighting that the people of Wearside wanted to volunteer and help with the protection of their community when they come under the attack of the German air raids.[11] However, initial recruitment to local ARPs was difficult, many people thought that it was a waste of money and training was not worthwhile which caused upset amongst the locals.[12] In 1932, only 500 people had volunteered to be members of the ARP. It was not until 1937 where there was a dramatic increase in locals joining the Wearside ARP, one may suggest that it was the ever growing media coverage of the political rise of Hitler and his plans to invade Poland which caused a spark in recruitment to the ARP. Considering that the Sunderland ARP had 740 women by 1939, highlights that women were a key asset in the ARP program in Sunderland, thus indicating that even though women in the 1930s faced criticism and prejudice the women of Sunderland were able to get involved and play a key role in the Wearside war effort. [13] It is reported that men felt that women should not be involved with the A.R.P as they felt they lacked ability to tackle fires.[14] Thus suggesting that the women of S underland proved to their male counterparts that they could be successfully involved with the local A.R.P programme. The County Borough of Sunderland Council clearly indicated that they had to ensure that ARP provisions were in place in order to gain trust from the Wearside community. On the 20th of October 1938, the council ensured that school rooms across the borough would be used to conduct ARP meetings and to consult to the locals who had any issues or questions.[15] A key issue which was discussed was the locations of the communal air raid shelters. With many people in Sunderland being situated in the working class sphere, not all had the available funds to purchase and design suitable shelters. Craig Armstrong indicates that local Police and fire service were to locate premises that could be converted into use shelters, the council needed to find areas which had a large surface area so they could protect plenty of its residents, this situation was the same for the emergency services in Sunderland.[16] Roker Park, was one location used to protect civilians from the air attacks, being able to h ouse around 1,000 people, thus the council committee made the building of this shelter priority as it was one of the largest to construct. [17] The people of Sunderland were gaining a trust in their local council. They were seeing signs that provisions were being taken from such an early stage during the Second World War. With many of the inhabitants of Sunderland having somewhere to go in the event of an air raid, indicates that the local authorities wanted to ensure that the people of Sunderland were safe. One may suggest that the inhabitants of Sunderland had a new found confidence within their local authority as they were protecting and showing care towards their community. Again as Armstrong suggests the local authority was duty-bound to offer free shelter to those who could not provide it for themselves, due to the introduction of the Civil Defence Act of 1939, all local communities had to ensure that there was enough free shelters for those unable to afford protection.[18] The government wanted to ensure that Britain was protected and offered support to all local authorities who required it, thus being able to pay nin e-tenths of the costs which would alleviate the pressure for local councils to locate funding and provide adequate protection.[19] For those within Sunderland who had a disposable income there was an option to build your own bomb shelter that would only cost  £5, which is not a bad investment for their safety. Average wages during 1930s were around 75.s (shillings a week) which is equivalent to around 300.s a month, which equates to  £36 a month.[20] One may suggest that the poorer population within the community may have struggled to save 14% of the monthly household income to purchase air raid protection. The local authority built public shelters so people had protection if they could not afford it. Local authorities ensured that there was plenty of information given to their communities. The Sunderland ARP issued a step by step guide on how to build the best air raid shelter, which was approved by the Home Office.[21] This guide highlighted the best materials and locations to build a shelter. Inhabitants of Sunderland had a lot to consider with the preparations they need to do for the war, with having to ensure they had ample protection from the bombs, ensuring that homes were blacked-out to limit targeting from the German Luftwaffe, rationing and food shortages, thus resulting in people facing a lot of pressure from local authorities to ensure that the community as a whole can cope during, what would be known as the Second World War. Helen Jones suggests, most people did not go to public shelters, or even ones in their own homes some took cover in a cupboard or under their stairs thus highlighting that civilians found shelter where ever they could when they heard the sound of the air raid sirens.[22] Women, in particular were urged by the media to ensure that places such as cupboards and under the stairs had supplies and provisions in case they could not make it to their outdoor or public shelter. The County Borough of Sunderland Council conducted meetings throughout 1939 ensuring that final provisions were in place to ensure that Wearside was sufficiently protected in the event of an air raid. From a meeting conducted in February 1939, the Sunderland Council discussed the provision of steel shelters which was top of the meeting agenda, thus highlighting that the local government wanted to ensure that most people in Wearside had access to shelters which were reinforced with steel which would offer added protection.[23] Every meeting which was conducted the council were continually opening and closing cases regarding air raid protection. Many of the meetings ensured that emergency supplies were discussed and constant records were recorded to ensure that the local council could keep track of supplies. The air raid wardens in Wearside had access to 2,000 whistles which were growing in supply as the council wanted to ensure that they had enough in case any got damaged during air a ttacks. [24] Also 2,300 first aid kits were supplied by the government to ensure that public shelters had access to medical supplies if they were needed. As well as first aid parties and ambulance drivers they were also supplied with first aid kits to ensure that they could provide emergency first aid if required during and after the destructive air attacks.[25] Whilst preparing for the possible German air invasion, there was an ever growing supply of equipment needed to support the ARP, such as blankets, whistles, first aid kits and clothing. With limited storage space available, due to the local government utilising large storage spaces converting them into public air raid shelters. To resolve the storage problem, the County Borough of Sunderland suggested that local primary and secondary schools in and around the Wearside area should be used to secure equipment in connection with the ARP.[26] Schools were not just institutions used for additional storage of ARP equipment, they were a priority for the Sunderland Council for building air raid shelters. The aim of the local authorities was to ensure that teachers and children had protection in case the air raids occurred during school hours. A total of  £300 was spent on air raid shelters in schools which could house around 50 school children; schools of particular interest were St Anthonys Girls Catholic school and St Marys Grammar school which educated a majority of the children in Wearside.[27] These plans were discussed in August which made it a committee priority as they soon suspected that the air raids would start shortly, it was not until 1st of September 1939 when children throughout England would be evacuated. Final preparations were taking place in Sunderland during August where 300 air raid warning sirens were erected and carrying blackout exercises during the weekend which would result in practice drills which would simulate actual conditions which the people would face during an actual air raid.[28] Wearside Women during World War Two Women played a pivotal role in aiding the preparations for German air raids. Due to the importance of the shipyards and their role in supplying materials for the war effort the people of Sunderland lived under the constant threat of being under attack of German bombing. [29] With the majority of men being conscripted to join the war, women were expected to replace the jobs which men had vacated. As Penny Summerfield indicates the great bulk of wartime domestic work was thrown back to the private sphere of a womans own resources, thus suggesting working women had to fit their domestic duties in with that of their working life.[30] The Wearside shipyards became an area which women were employed [i]n order to keep the yards running at maximum capacity, women were called in to help. As discussed earlier in the chapter, the shipyards were vital to the war effort, so in order to meet the needs of war, women were the only people on the home front who continue production. Working civilians in Sunderland had to prepare for the hardships of war and that of the shipyards being under threat and targeted by German bombers. Morale was not at a high when women went to work, they were slower to recover from the shock of the news than men thus highlighting that the constant media reporting of possible German invasion affected the work ethic of female workers. [31] In the wake of these attacks, attempts were made by those in authority to revive the morale of those living under the constant threat of death. In order to increase morale the people of Sunderland welcomed a visit from King George VI where he visited munitions factories and the shipyards which were a key assets towards the war effort. The Sunderland Echo and Shipping Gazette reported that the King showed gratitude towards the hard work and loyalty of the people of Sunderland highlighting that the royal visit attempted to restore morale, by praising the people of Sunderland and ensuring that their har d work was recognised.[32] Women of Sunderland were encouraged by the local media to ensure that their homes were well equipped in case of an air raid. The Chronicle reported that Home Office advice is to continue and intensify our air raid precautions and it is therefore up to every single woman to making some corner of their home into refuge.[33] This suggests that women had a key role in ensuring that every home within Wearside was protected. Women were encouraged to have a refuge room in their home to use in the event of an emergency. The Chronicle listed resources which could be used to protect the home collect thick curtains, blankets, carpets and thick sheets in order to cover windows and doors to stop any light being visible during the blackouts.[34] Items such as matches and candles were essential in case electricity or gas supply fails. Women were advised to get together the listed items such as scissors, old newspapers, candles and matches in a box or drawer in the refuge room so that they have ever ything they need in the event of an emergency.[35] With women being the forefront of the household during the lead up to the Second World War, they faced disruption to their lives due to state intervention which introduced measures such as rationing. With naval fleets being used in the preparations for the war, the state limited the amount of food imports into the country. Wearside women had were urged to ensure that their homes were equipped in emergency situations, had to work in shipyards on top if having to worry about feeding themselves and family on basic rations. Food such as eggs, bacon, butter and meat were in very short supply, which were replaced by dried or tinned substitutes such as dried egg powder, corned beef and even whale. [36] Kennils highlights that the local government would try all they could to give people good food, but due to shortages substitutes had to be found, in this instance whale meat was provided. With rations, the people of Sunderland had to cope with having basic food supply in their kitchen cupboar ds, one may suggest that morale was effected due to this. With the reduction of luxury foods and not gaining the correct nutrients in a balanced diet would cause people to get restless. It was not just food that was rationed. Coal rich areas such as Sunderland, even had one of its major exports on ration. Coal was needed for fuel during the war effort, so people within Sunderland were limited to what they could use to fuel their homes. To conclude, this chapter has outlined the state preparation and measures put in place in order to protect the country from the German air raids. The County Borough of Sunderland Council ensured that they recruited heavily to the ARP which would aid in the protection of Wearside civilians. This chapter has explored the different shelters and locations of public shelters which were made available for citizens of Sunderland. Finally, this chapter has explored the significant role that women played during the preparations leading to the outbreak of the Second World War. Women had to ensure that their homes were a safe refuge for their family, whilst having to work in shipyards which were vacated due to men being conscripted to war. This chapter has set the scene of how Sunderland prepared for the war. Chapter two will discuss the impact that the bombings had on the area of Sunderland and how morale was affected. [1] Helen Jones, British Civilians in the Front Line: Air Raids, Productivity and Wartime Culture 1939-1945 (Manchester: University Press, 2006), p.58. [2] Winifred Haley, Evacuated from Sunderland Shipyards to Coxhoe, County Durham, (BBC WW2 Peoples War Archive), http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/36/a3781136.shtml. [Date Accessed: 03/11/16] [3] Gillian Cookson, Sunderland: Building a City (London: Philimore, 2010), p. 147. [4] Angus Calder, The Peoples War: Britain 1939-1945 (London: Trinity Press, 1969), p.21. [5] Travis Crosby, The Impact of Civilian Evacuation in the Second World War (London: Croom Helm, 1986), p.13. [6] Joseph S. Meisel,Air Raid Shelter Policy and its Critics in Britain before the Second World War, Twentieth Century British History, vol. 5 issue 03, 1994, pp. 300-319, p.300. [7] Tyne and Wear Archive Service: DX967/7, National Service Booklet, 1939, p.13. [8] ibid [9] Calder, The Peoples War, p.21. [10] TWAS, DX967/7, p.13. [11] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 28th September 1938. [12] Jones, British Civilians in the Frontline, p.60-61. [13] Ibid, p.61. [14] Harold L. Smith, Britain in the Second World War: A Social History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), p.64-65. [15] TWAS, 209/106, County Borough of Sunderland ARP Precautions. [16] Craig Armstrong, Tyneside in the Second World War (West Sussex: Phillimore Co Ltd, 2007), p.42. [17] TWAS, 209/106, County Borough of Sunderland ARP Precautions [18] Armstrong, Tyneside in the Second World War, p.42. [19] Jones, British Civilians in the Frontline, p.60. [20] Margaret H. Schoenfeld and Anice L. Whitney, Wartime Methods of Dealing with Labour in Great Britain and the Dominions, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer, 1942), p. 530. [21] TWAS, DX 967/7, Your Home as An Air Raid Shelter, Ministry of Home Security, Home Office London,1939. [22] Jones, British Civilians, p.158. [23] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions. [24] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 28th July 1939. [25] Ibid. [26] Ibid. [27] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 17th August 1939. [28] Ibid. [29] Sunderlands Shipyards during WW2, BBC Legacies. [30] Penny Summerfield, Women Workers in The Second World War: Production and Patriarchy in Conflict (London: Routledge, 1989), p.186. [31] Dorothy Sheridan, (ed), Wartime Women: A Mass- Observation Anthology (London: Heinemann, 1990), p.112. [32] Royal Visit to Wearside, Sunderland Echo and Shipping Gazette, 22 February 1939. [33] Women Collect These, News Chronicle, 28August 1939. [34] Ibid. [35] Ibid. [36] K. Kennils, A War Baby: In Sunderland, (BBC WW2 Peoples War Archive), http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a2038349.shtml. [Date Accessed: 03/11/16]