Social Media Technology Essay Example for Free

genial Media applied science Essay1.0IntroductionBha non (2012) defined kindly media engineering as the media for kindly moveion that tin be lend oneselfd in web based and mobile technologies. In addition, web based and mobile technologies piece of tail fix the communication into interactive conversation. The most popular mixer media among the procedurers argon baptismal fontbook, chirrup, LinkedIn, YouTube and so on. Besides, the societal media technology is not for the public users to interact other user only simply the fond media technology provides internal social media to the brass sections much(prenominal) as Salesforce. com (Andzulis et al., 2012). Social media is a fresh trend in this era. It is because social media is an easy way to get information, knowledge, news and others that useful to the users than conventional media such(prenominal) as newspaper, magazines and so on. In addition, the information in the social media is not expensive and easily to access comp ard than the conventional media (Bhanot, 2012).The statistic shows that the users of the social media had been change magnitude year by year. Facebook has to a greater extent than 175 million users that are registered in 2009 but has been increased to 845 million users that are registered while Twitter has over 465 million users that are registered. According to Kaplan and Haenlien (2010), the tale of social media was starting 33 years ago. In 1979, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis from Duke University had been created Usenet which is social media that digested users to post public messages. Besides, Bruce and Susan Abelson had created Open diary which is an early social media. The Open Diary is a community of the online diary writers. Social media technology is closely related to Web 2.0 and user-generated content. According to Kaplan and Haenlien (2010), Web 2.0 is a platform where the social media is evolving. Web 2.0 allows the users to interact and collaborate among t he users in social media.Web 2.0 is the platform where the users house share the information with other users and the other users can continuously edit or modify the information. According to Constantinides and Fountain (2008), Web 2.0 is a collection of open-source which has the knowledge and market power of the users in credit line and social unconscious process and Web 2.0 allow the users to share, disseminate and editing the informal content. User generated content is refer to media contents in the media technologies. Web 2.0 allows creation and exchange of user-generated content in a practical(prenominal) community. Web 2.0 can be classified into five main categories which are blogs, social network, communities, forum / bulletin boards and content aggregators (Constantinides Fountain, 2008).Nowadays, the billet method has been changed compared than the traditional method which is face to face in marketing or buying. The world has been changing and technology was evolve d. The method of business change into a virtual selling or virtual buying compared than traditional business method. In this information technology era, placements are regularly to make their business using internet or online network. on that point are two types of business that use the internet or online network as a culture medium for running their business which is an electronic business (E-Business) and E-Commerce. E-Commerce is the process of buying and selling of product or divine services that use the internet or online network. E-Business is like E-commerce but E-business is more than E-Commerce. E-Business is not merely buying and selling product or services using the internet but E-business are the wide perspective of E-Commerce.E-Business includes servicing the node, cooperating with business partner, supply chain management, and process with electronic transaction. Nowadays, organizations are punishing to identify the new way to maximize their profit using social media technology platform. The behaviour of the workers and the managers to maximized profit can be changed with the use of social media technologies (Turban Volonino, 2012). Social media technology can befriend organizations to maintain and improve competitiveness in the indus hand over (Levin, Hansen, Laverie, 2012). In addition, social media are use by wide area of business includes human resources, supply chain management, marketing and sales and others area that used social media technology (Turban Volonino, 2012).The organizations also can use the social media technology to their marketing research plans. Nowadays, many organizations have projectd the usefulness of the social media technology in running their business and they try to accommodate this new technology slowly. According to Andzulis et al. (2012), the Ford Motor had hired 40 employees that are social media practitioners to drive their new car model which is Ford Focus. The employees had been presumption opp ortunity to drive test the car and the video have been uploaded in Facebook and other social media website.2.0Risks of Social Media Technology in Business EnterpriseThe organizations or firms must understand the pretend in using social media technology in their business. The risk using social media as a platform in business is greater than a business that uses traditional ways (Boz Unal, 2011). There are many hidden risks in using social media and the organization should realize the risks of the social media before carry out it. The organization must realize that the employees can abuse the social media technology with access to their favourite social media and chatting all the duration with their friends. From the recent research, 76 percent of the respondents had access their Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter at least once a day (Dutta, 2012). Some organization had blocked the social media and discharge their employees when the employees had been caught because of accessing the s ocial networking sites at work. By blocking the social media make the employees cannot get the information and knowledge that are required in their job.In addition, the employees cannot access the social media communities and the employees cannot share and received any information, knowledge or experience in the social media. Thus, the productivity in the organization can be decreased. The risk that can make negative impact to the organization is when tribe start to say the negative or untrue things some the organization. People are easily go for to the untrue things from the unreliable source. According to Boz Unal (2011), word of give tongue to is the influential thing and its become more influential to the people in the social media technology. The customer or the competitor may review the organization in negative writing about their product or their services. For example, people give their negative opinion about Proton and their car new model which is Proton Preve in the s ocial media network. A picture of Proton Preve was uploaded in the social media.The picture is about the people that are not contented with the quality of this car. Furthermore, this issue discussed on the forums on the website and many of them give negative opinions about the quality of this car. This may affect the persons decision whether to buy that car or not. Indirectly, this may affect the organization in terms of sales or profit. The other risk of the social media technologies is the sharing information with other users on social networking sites (Boz Unal, 2011). Besides, the employee may make a mistake by giving their opinion about their organization in social media. The confidential information about the organization can be leaked when the employees share their opinions in the social media. Besides, the competitor can learn the kind between the clients and the organization (Giamanco Gregoire, 2012). The competitor will know the early-stage opportunities and try to sn atch the client from the organizations.3.0Productivity of Work by Using Social Media TechnologyOne of the power using social media is the social media technology can deepen productivity in business enterprise. Using social media technology such as Facebook or twitter can enhance productivity among the employee by sharing the knowledge and experiences. The knowledge that the employees get from the social media can help others employees to solve problems (Iyer et al., 2011). From the research that had been conducted, the employees used the social media at work are objectively to die hard their organizations goals and build up the name of their organizations (Dutta, 2012). After that, a research had been conducted, 72 percent of organizations are using social media as medium in their business and 90 percent of the organizations had reported that they had benefited by using social media technology (Social Media Enhances Productivity, 2012). This result can be a sign that the social me dia can be a channel to communicate among the employees.From Dutta (2012), the advantage using social media is easy to access to the information because of the speed to get the information had been increased It is because the social media can save conviction to seek information and then can enhance productivity in the workplace. Besides, the social media such as Twitter can help the employees to choose an alternative way to go to the offices when there is a traffic jam. This can help the employees to go to the office on time and indirectly can enhance the productivity of the organization. The relationship with the customer can be built by using social media technology (Iyer et al., 2011). This will help the organizations to analyse and learns the problems of the products or services when the customer tells their experience when using the products or the services. After that, the organizations will know the customers experiences when using the organizations products or services.The relationship can make the customer loyal to the organizations. It is because with a strong relationship between customer and the organization, the customers will pleasant with the products of the services of the organizations. Furthermore, in the customer service department, the social media technology can save cost and time the organizations and the customer. The customers just use their social media such as Facebook to ask question or make a complaint about the product or the services. The customer does not waste their time to meet the customer service face to face but the customer services can answer or explain the customer problem easily using social media technology. For example, Celcom Axiata Berhad is a Malaysias mobile telecom company that uses this social media channel to interact with their customers.Celcom Axiata Berhad had two types of online customer service which is on their website and in their Facebook. Celcom customer services can answer directly to inquiries from the customer using their online customer service. By using social media technology, Celcom customer services spend less time answering calls from the customer. In addition, the Celcom customer services can reduce their time to read and composing email by using social media technology. From the research that had been done, the customer service can reduce 25 to 30 percent of their time by answering emails from the customer (Bughin, Chui, Manyika, 2012) and can free their time by 7 to 8 percent to do other whole kit (Social Media Enhances Productivity, 2012).4.0Social Media Technology as the Promotion and Marketing StrategyNormally, the conventional advertising is in one way conversation (Wetsch, 2012). Nowadays, it has been changed in the advertising on the social media. Advertising on the social media can allow two ways conversation compared than conventional advertising that involve one way conversation only. The customer can give their opinion straight forward to the organizatio n about the advertising using social media technology. The customer can communicate directly to the organization about the promotion or advertising (Mangold Faulds, 2009). Today, the organization had realized the benefits using social media technology. Social media technology is the new marketing for the organization to reach the communities of customers that they are assing. Instead of that, the organization had used social media strategy in their marketing plan.According to Boz and Unal (2011), it is a powerful strategy when the organizations use social media platform to promote the organization business. Nowadays, many organizations use social media technology to promote their new products or new services. The organization use social media to promote their business because it can save a lot of money and can save time. Before this, the organizations promote their business or advertising their business in mass media such as television, radio, newspaper, magazine and others. The a dvertising or promotions that use mass media actually more costly compared than using social media. Besides, the advertisings that use television, radio, newspapers and magazine is not in reality relevant anymore in this modern era.For example, Al-Ikhsan use Facebook platform to promote their new products. Recently, Al-Ikhsan had their warehouse sales and they use social media technology to tell the people about the warehouse sale. Thousands of people were coming to the Al-Ikhsan warehouse sales. This situation occurs because the customers have wide access to the information by using social media (Mangold Faulds, 2009). Besides, the word of mouth communication is the most powerful thing in social media to influence someone. The users of social media have the capability to tell hundreds of the people at the same time. Face to face communication and mouth of word communication had less impact compared than social media (Mangold Faulds, 2009). This will be the proof how the social m edia technology can successfully help the organization to make publicity and their promotions.5.0RecommendationsThe organizations must have a backup plan to prepare the risks in implementing social media technologies in their business. The organizations must not avoid using social media technologies in their business because of the risks. But, they should think to overcome this problem. In addition, a social media technology gives many benefits to an organization and it can maximize the profit and revenues of the organization. There are several recommendations to the organization to overcome the problems of risk in using social media technology and to improve organizations reputation. The organization should develop a strategic planning to overcome this problem. The organization should understand how to interact with customer or clients when using the social media. It is because the reputation can be affected by how the organization interact with the social media.Besides, the organi zation should advise their employees to communicate ethically and show respect to others when using social media technology. The organizations can enhance their employees productivity by using social media as a platform to interact with their customers. The organization should improve the system of customer services using the social media so that the productivity can be enhanced. The productivity can be increased when the employees gave their feedback quickly to the customers that ask a question in social media. The customers will satisfied and they felt that they are appreciated by the organization. So, the customers will be loyal to the organization. The communication will be improved between the organization and the customer when the organizations implement the social media technologies as the platform to approach their customers.The social media are new channel to make promotions or to advertise a business. The cost to advertise in mass media is actually higher and actually exp ensive. The organization should consider using social media as a new channel to promote their business. It is because the cost is very cheaper than using mass media to promote their business. Besides, the organization can directly interact with the customer and can directly ask the customer opinion. When the organizations use the media mass as the channel to promote their business, they do not know how the readers or the viewers respond when seeing their advertisement. Thus, the organization must realize the advantages using social media as the channel in promoting their business compared to other channels.The organization should analyse whether the social media are successfully implemented or not. Besides, the organization can analyse their target market using social media platform. The preferences of the customer can be accessed easily with social media technology. Thus, the organization would understand the preference of their customer. In addition, the organization enables to ge t new market target and stay focused to the existing target market. It is important to build the relationship with the customer. In return, the customer would be loyal to the organization and try to promote to their family and friends when they are satisfied with the services of the organization. Instead of analysing the customers, the organization should analyse about their competitor and their competitor target market. It is useful information to make the organizations blend in in the business and to maximise profit and the revenues of the organization. The important thing is the organization should make sure that social media aligned with the goal, objectives and vision of the organization.6.0ConclusionIn the information technology era, the users of the social media had increased year by year. Thus, the organizations should use this opportunity to implement the social media in business. Furthermore, social media is the important platform for an organization to survive in the bus iness. Many organizations had been realized the importance of social media in their business and they try to implement social media technology in their business. The traditional method in business is not relevant anymore in this modern era. The organization cannot ignore the how powerful the social media technology because the social media contain the knowledge, information and experience of the people. all the information can be sought in the social media and it is faster to get the information. Besides, the social media give many benefits to the organization compared to conventional media.The benefits using social media technology include in recruitment, customer relationship, enhance the organization productivity, enhance decision making among the employees and in the marketing plan of the organization. But, the organization should realize the risk in using social media. The organizations must have a backup plan to prepare the risks in implementing social media technology in the ir business. The organizations must not avoid using social media technology in their business. Thus, the organization should develop a strategic plan to avoid the risk. The risk using social media just like a small part but the organization can get a huge of return by using the social media technology.ReferencesAndzulis, J. M., Panagopoulus, N. G., Rapp, A. (2012). A Review of Social Media and Implications for the Sales Process. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, Vol XXXII, No. 3 , 305-316. Bhanot, S. (2012). Use of Social Media by Companies to Reach their Customer. SIES Journal of Management,Vol. 8 (1) , 47-55. Boz, M., Unal, D. (2011). Successful Promotion Strategy in Destination Tourism Marketing Through Social Media Queensland, Australia Case. Regional Science Conference with International Participation , 467-472. Bughin, J., Chui, M., Manyika, J. (2012). Capturing business value with social technologies. McKinsey Quarterly, Issue 4 , 72-80. Constantinides, E., F ountain, S. J. (2008). Web 2.0 Conceptual Foundations and Marketing. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 9 , 231-244. Dutta, S. (2012, Winter). Enterprsee 2.0 Let the Revolution Begin Rotman clipping , pp. 66-71. Giamanco, B., Gregoire, K. (2012, Jul/Aug). Tweet Me, Friend Me, Make Me Buy. Harvard Business Review , pp. 88-93. Iyer, B., Parise, S., Raiaqopal, S., Davenport, T. H. (2011). Putting Social Media to Work at Cognizant. Ivey Business Journal, Vol. 75 Issue 4 , 18-21. Kaplan, A. M., Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the World, Unite The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53 (1) , 59-68. Levin, M. A., Hansen, J. M., Laverie, D. A. (2012). Toward Understanding New Sales Employees Participation in Marketing-Related Technology Motivation, Voluntariness and Past Performance. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, Vol XXXII, no. 3 , 379-393. Mangold, W. G., Faulds, D. J. (2009). Social Media The New Hybrid Element of the P romotion Mix. Business Horizons, Issue 52 , 357365. Social Media Enhances Productivity. (2012, Nov/Dec). Electric Perspectives , Vol. 37 Issue 6 , pp. 17-18. Turban, E., Volonino, L. (2012). Information Technology for Management 8th Edition. John Wiley Sons. Wetsch, L. R. (2012). A Personal Branding Assignment Using Social Media. Journal of Advertising Education , 30-36.

A Several Specific Voltaire’s Quotes Essay Example for Free

A Several Specific Voltaires Quotes EssayThere are virtually(prenominal) specific extracts which depicts how Voltaire tried to champion or fight for the goals, beliefs and plenty of a club that is enlightened. Some of these plagiarizes include As long as people believe in absurdities they will continue to rank atrocities. This is a very important quote by Voltaire in the ball club because it acts as an illustration of how a society would be if people cont9onue to hold on to absurdities. The things that people in the society need to believe in should be things that bring progress and not things that continue to generate controversies as well as misleading the society. Through this quote, Voltaire was trying to warn the society from believing in absurdities which would result in atrocities in the society. This quote encourages people to believe in lucrativeness and avoid things that will only destroy the society. Therefore, through this quote, Voltaire is seen to be champ ioning for goals, beliefs and visions of the society in terms of living in harmony and avoiding atrocities.The other quote is, I do not agree with what you say, but Ill defend to death your right to say it. This is another important quote through which Voltaire is seen to champion for the beliefs, goals and vision of the society. Every individual has the right of speech and freedom of expression hence no genius should be prevented from airing their views or opinions as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others. It is not necessary for everyone to agree with each other on ideologies. Therefore, by supporting the rights of other people, a society will be able achieve its goals, visions and maintain positive beliefs. From the quotes by Voltaire, there are many an(prenominal) of them that I find quite fascinating and intriguing. However, the one that I consider to be my favorite quote is the one that says, Every man is blamable of all the well behaved he did not do. Thi s is one quote that touches on our behavior as human beings in this world hence the reason I chose it as my favorite quote.The wit presented by Voltaire through this quote is admirable. In living, we as human beings we have the opportunities where we can be able to do good but in many occasions, people become so selfish that they cannot do anything good. If everyone would make use of the opportunities they have to do good in the society, there would be no vices in the society, crimes would be eradicated and many problems that people face such as poverty would be eliminated. This quote depicts what I yearn for in this world, to see everyone working for the good of all disdain the differences that exist. I personally believe that if people do good the world would be a better place but we all fall lilliputian of this virtue of always doing good. Instead we have embraced selfishness and only pursue things that are of personal benefit and interest. Therefore, I completely agree that we are all guilty for not having done anything good despite having the opportunities.After reading all the quotes by Voltaire, I must admit that the quotes are quite good and fire as they touch on the lives of human beings and provide guidance on how to live this life. However, there are quotes which I failed to understand why Voltaire would say such things. I was left wondering of Voltaire was only putting forward his own thoughts and never did enough research. One of the quotes that I consider to be my least favorite and disagreeable is the one that says, History is only the register of crimes and misfortunes.I find this quote to be quite misleading especially to the modern generation. Does it mean that there are no good things that happened in history? Is everything recorded as history that bad? This is disagreeable considering that there are a lot of good things which happened in history and have been clearly documented. The thinking of Voltaire in this quote is narrowed and di soriented with no facts. Inventions took place in the past and these have helped puzzle out the modern world. Therefore, I totally disagree with Voltaire on this quote as it is misleading and does not contao9n any facts about historical happenings.After reading the numerous quotes by Voltaire, I would say that the views presented by Voltaire are mixed views and a combination of several things. The quotes provided by Voltaire are quite accommodating in the society because they advise, warn, encourage and provide guidance on how to live as a society. Voltaire portrays the society as one that needs guidance of which he provides through several quotes such as I do not agree with what you say, but Ill defend to death your right to say it. On the other hand, some of the quotes show pessimism such as the quote on history as a registry when he says, History is only the register of crimes and misfortunes. Voltaire also sounds helpful when he says, Let us work without theorizing, tis the on ly way to make life endurable. Therefore, it can be observed that it is a mixture of things in the life of human beings that are presented in the quotes by Voltaire.ReferencesMorley, John. Voltaire. London Chapman and Hall, 1872. Print.Source document

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Clobetasol for Psoriasis

Solid Lipid Nano members of Clobetasol for PsoriasisFormulation and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Clobetasol for Topical treatment of PsoriasisCHAPTER 4 Methodology4. METHODOLOGYMATERIALS USEDTable 5 LIST OF CHEMICALS USED WITH SUPPLIERSTable 6 LIST OF EUIPMENTS USED WITH SUPPLIERSPhysicochemical study on the medicineMelting point determinationMelting point is the temperature at which the pure liquid and solid exist in equilibrium. In practice it is taken as equilibrium mixture at an external pressure of 1 atmosphere this is sometimes known as normal run point. The Thiels resistance method of melting point determination liquid paraffin was used in present study.UV spectrumUV scanning was done for pure drug from 200-400 nm in the dilution medium of methanol and in the dilution medium of phosphate buffer pH 7.4Standard calibration curves of ClobetasolReagentsMethanol inorganic phosphate Buffer pH 7.4 114,115Medium- Methanol11650 mg accurately weighed CP was dissolve d in the methanol and volume was do up to 50ml with methanol Stock 1. From stock 1, different dilutions were prepared in the concentration range of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g/ml victimization methanol as dilution medium. The absorbance of these solutions was metrical against blank as methanol in UV spectrophotometer at 240 nm.Medium- Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 solution50 mg accurately weighed CP was dissolved in the methanol and volume was made up to 100ml with methanol Stock 1. From stock 1, different dilutions were prepared in the concentration range of 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30 g/ml using Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 solution. The absorbance of these solutions was measured against Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 solution as blank in UV spectrophotometer at 239 nm.Compatibility studies of drug and polymersFTIR spectra of pure clobetasol, physical mixtures, and SLN formulations are carried out to determine if at that place was any interaction between the drug and the other formulation components117.Sin ce IR is related to covalent bonds, the spectra can provide detailed information about the complex body part of molecular compounds. In order to establish thispoint, comparisons were made between the spectrum of the substances and pure compound.The Preformulation study was carried out prior to the development of the dosage forms. The compatibility of the drug and the excipients used were firm by IR spectrometer Shimadzu 8400 series. The spectra of formulations were compared with that of pure drug in order to ascertain for any possible interaction between polymer and drug.Preliminary studiesInitially, SLN was prepared by solvent injection method by using clobetasol (drug), carnauba wax and beeswax as lipid conformation, cetyl alcohol and lecithin soya as surfactants. Tween 20 as co surfactant phase and finally distilled water to make up the volume. Where in this method, both liquid phase and lipid phase were heated to 70-75oC. When lipid phase was heated to desired temperature dr ug was dispersed in it and added to aqueous phase under the magnetic stirrer for 30mins. The lipid phase is added in to aquoes phase by drop wise using syringe. Thus SLNs were formed due to rapid crystallization of oil droplets and precipitation. This respective formulation design is shown in hedge 7. But the formed SLN was not dried and unstable. Therefore lipid excrescence method was used to prepare various formulations with different concentrations of lipid in an sudor to optimize the formulations for the particle size ranging in nano scale.Table 7 Formulation design for solvent injection methodThe lipid extrusion method was choose to prepare SLN.At 25mg of CP is kept constant in all formulation.Initially, the drug with different lipids tried with different concentration constant speed. The SLN were evaluated for particle size.The composition of formulation is shown in table.Formulation design11,17,18Procedure for preparation of SLN by lipid extrusion techniqueLipid extrusion is carried out at temperatures above the melting point of the lipid and is similar to the homogenization of an emulsion.A pre-emulsion of the drug loaded lipid melt and the aqueous emulsifier phase ( akin temperature) is obtained by high-shear mixing device (like Polytron PT 1600E homogenizer).High pressure homogenization of the pre-emulsion is done above the lipid melting point. Usually, lower particle sizes are obtained at higher processing temperatures because of lowered viscosity of the lipid phase.Fig 11 Schematic representation of SLN preparation by lipid extrusionTable 8 Formulation design for lipid extrusion methodTable 9 Formulation design with stirring speed and duration of rotation using Polytron pt 1600E for Formulation FEVALUTION OF SLN Physical Evaluationsoptical appearancepHThe pH of SLN formulations were measured using pH paper.Rheological studiesRheological properties (study of deformation and flow of matter) are required in various pharmaceutic areas. It helps to monitor the effect of vehicles consistency on release of drug from the preparations and subsequent percutaneous absorption. Also it is important from the manufacturing point of view. Viscosity measurements were carried out using a Brookfield viscometer (T bar spindle). The formulation of SLN was kept in 100ml beaker and dial readings was noted at 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 20, 30, 50 and 60 rpm. The speed was then successively lowered and the match dial readings were noted.Particle Size Analysis118The particle size should be less than 1000 nm in nanoparticles. It can be analyzed by using Malvern particle size analyzer. Particles in the size range of colloids display constant random thermal motion which is known as Brownian motion. This motion causes the intensity of gentle scattered by the particles to vary with time. The larger the particle slower their motion and hence the smaller the variation in intensity of light scattered. Photon correlation spectrometry uses the rate of change in t he intensity to determine the size distribution of particles. The zetasizer has a correlator with 64 channels. Each of this channel measures changes in lightfluctuation oer a defined time span. The time span is known as the type time or delay time the correlator measures the light intensity by counting photons. For a very short time period the changes in light intensities will be very small as the particles had very dwarfish time to move. The position of the particles can be statistically defined as being highly correlated, Contrast to this with a long sample time, particles will guide moved randomly from their initial positions. Therefore the particles can be described statistically as not being correlated.Zeta potential measurementZeta potential of the SLNs were measured by malveren zetasizer. The zetasizer mainly consist of laser which is used to provide a light source to illuminate the particles within the sample. For zetapotential measurements this light splits to provide an incident and advert beam. The incident laser beam passes through the centre of the sample cell, and the scattered light at an angle of about 130 is detected. when an electric field is utilise to the cell, any particles moving through the measurement volume will cause the intensity of light detected to fluctuate with a frequency proportional to the particle speed and this information is passed to the digital signal possessor and then to a computer. Zetasizer software produces a frequency spectrum from which the electrophoretic mobility hence the zeta potentialis calculated.Scanning negatron Microscopy (SEM)Surface morphology of the specimen will be determined by using a scanning electron microscope.ProcedureThe samples are dried soundly in vaccum desicator before mounting on brass specimen studies, using double sided adhesive tape. Gold-palladium alloy of120A Knees was coated on the sample sputter coating unit (Model E5 100 Polaron U.K) in Argon at ambient of 8-10 with plasma vo ltage about 20mA. The sputtering was done for nearly 5 minutes to obtain uniform coating on the sample to enable good quality SEM images. The SEM was operated at low accelerating voltage of about 15KV with load true about 80mA.The condenser lens position was maintained betwee 4.4-5.1. The objective lens aperture has a diameter of 240 microns and working distance WD=39mm.Drug content119The drug equivalent to 10 mg of formulation was taken and dissolved in small quantity of methanol. Then the formulation is warmed on the water bath so that the drug present in the formulation was completely dissolved. Then the solution was filtered through Whattman filter paper in 25 ml. volumetric flaskful and volume was made up to the mark by methanol to give concentration of 1000 g/ml. for Clobetasol. Then 1 ml. was pipetted out in 100 ml. volumetric flask to give concentration of 10g/ml and then absorbance was measured at 240 nm.In-vitro release studies114,115,120In Franz diffusion cell, 6 gm. of sample was kept in donor compartment. The entire surface of cellophane membrane was in contact with the receptor compartment containing 50 ml of phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The receptor compartment was continuously excited using the magnetic stirrer. The temperature was maintained 35C. The study was carried out for 24 hrs and the sample was withdrawn at 30 minute time interval and same volume was replaced with free phosphate buffer. The content of clobetasol from withdrawn sample was measured after suitable dilution.Stability studiesWhenever a new formulation is developed, it is very necessity to establish that the therapeutic activity of the drug has not undergone any change. To conform this, the selected formulations were subjected to stability studies. commonly, the observation of the rate at which the crop degrades under normal manner temperature requires long time. To avoid this undesirable delay, the principles of the accelerated stability studies are adopted.The Internation al Conference of Harmonization guidelines titled stability testing for drug substance and product describes the stability tests requirements for drug registration applications in the European Union, Japan and United States of America.Table 10 International climatic zones and climatic conditionsTable 11 General stability testing considerationStudy

Care of Confused Client | Case Study

Care of Conf utilise Client Case StudyCARE OF A addled CLIENTCLIENT PROFILEHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus spread through with(predicate) body fluids and effects cells of the immune system called CD4 cells or T cells. HIV destroys these cells reducing the bodys competency to fight infection. When this happens the HIV virus is then k forthwiths as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aid). When a client has AIDS they can get to symptoms such as forgetfulness, confusion and difficulty paying attention. This occurs when the HIV virus has infected the brain causing a condition kn manage as AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC). When a client presents with ADC as a health premeditation provider the key aspects of writing up these clients care plans would bowl over a sound emphasis on safety. (Centres for dis remainder control and prevention 2014) butt non his real name for privacy reasons is a client who recently presented to the facility where i work with AIDS and has bee n showing signs of ADC which has made his home life very hard to manage and increasingly unsafe. The ADC has left joke with episodes of confusion. As a freshly client i must first sick together legerdemains care plans as they are vitally important in determining rear ends care. These care plans likewise facilitate the multidisciplinary team tell buttockss mental and physical packs are met.As a confused client, trick may neediness the capacity to accomplish the basic activities of daily living (ADL). Therefore as a healthcare provider i would in addition have to act as an advocate to ensure his involve were met. This can be ensured on a day to day basis by gaining the respect of John and by including him and by gaining his consent on any decisions concerning his care. This may include implementing all relevant care plans. Johns personal hygiene is important in promoting his positive self-image. This can be achieved by the following steps invariably ensure his hands are washed after skunkingHis face is washed dailyHe has regular baths or showersHis teeth are brushed twice dailyJohn may not want to allow me to carry out some of these duties but to ease the situation i may take a few steps to help in Johns care.Use pleasant smelling shampoo, bubble bath or soapPlay music that John likesAl miens explain as you carry out tasksBe sensitive to Johns moodAlways check toilet to ensure it is in working order and the bathroom is not too coldEnquire how John prefers to have these tasks completed (ie bath or shower)Always let john help as much as he canNutrition care is also very important because the healthier John is physically the less confused he may become. This can be achieved by ensuring John eats regular meals. Sometimes because John is confused he impart refuse to eat so it is important the nutritionist is informed in order to provide supplements which can substitute for solid forages. This is vitally important as to force feed clients is unethic al so therefore it would be to a greater extent beneficial to encourage supplement drinks.A urinary output and intestine movement chart is also an essential part of Johns care plan as it helps the multidisciplinary team regulate Johns bodily functions to prevent him from acquire constipation or dehydration which would leave John who is confused to a greater extent confused. Sometimes John may not have the ability to control his own intake of solids or liquids (ie too much or too little) so it is important for a fluid and solids chart to help balance his bodily needs. move risk assessments should also be completed and put in practice to ensure Johns safety when he is carrying out his basic activities of daily living.Always assist John when he is attending bathroom or having to move from one scope to anotherEnsure bathroom is clear of clutter when taking John to bathroom for washing or toiletingRemove all clutter from Johns bedside (ie ensure all cables are tidied away and walking frame if needed is within his annoy )Ensure John has suitable footwear (ie well fitting with rubber soles to prevent slips)Ensure all bathroom fittings are stable and in good working orderProper handrails are in place to assist Johns needsWalking to and from bathroom is clutter freeOther concerns i mogul have for John is the risk of him developing a pressure sore. Confused/Immobile clients like John are more susceptible to pressure sores through poor nutrition intake and decreased mobility. Measures put in place by the multidisciplinary team to prevent these sores are pressure relieving cushions, mattresses and regular monitoring, and turning of John as to aid his circulation. The Waterlow scale also plays important role in determining who is at risk of developing a pressure sore.All these measures put in place will enhance the physical well-being of John however as healthcare support workers we must provide holistic care for John involving his social and mental well-being. One a spect of holistic care is ensuring Johns spiritual needs are met. This may vary from psyche to individual and as a carer we must never be bias towards a clients personal belief.Johns lordliness is vitally important but this may lack because he sometimes gets confused therefore i must act as an advocate and ensure his rights and dignity are met. Simple measures can include making sure privacy is provided when attending personal hygiene needs. At times John may lack the ability to be able to stand safely. Therefore a hoist may have to be used. This could be a frightening experience for John so as the carer it would be vital to use good communicating skills to reassure him of his safety and dignity by insuring the curtain is drawn at these times. mend checks of John to ensure he remains properly clothed so as to prevent embarrassment for him or his loved ones during visiting times. As Johns carer I would always explain and involve him in decision making involving his clothing when d ressing or the type of food he prefers to eat as not to presume I could choose just because he sometimes gets confused.When a client has ADC the usual treatment is a drug cocktail called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which reduces the amount of HIV in the blood reducing the damage to the brain. As a carer it is important I monitor the consumption of this medication as John might forget to take it or take too much. Other important portions in treating a person with ADC are to help John stimulate his mind by motivating him with hobbies that he is interested in. It is also important to ensure the family include John in social events such as birthdays, weddings or any event for which he could attend to interact. Interaction, motivation and other therapies that are all beneficial in reorienting a confused client.(WebMD2014)On shoemakers last by involving John in decision making and implementing the relevant care plans I the carer will ensure holistic safe care and optimi se his ability to recover or manage his illness. This is achieved through good communication trough the multidisciplinary team always remembering that John and Johns family are the about important factor of the team.BIBLIOGRAPHYWEB PAGESCentres for disease control and prevention (2014) what is hiv online,availablehttp//www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html12/12/2014.Webmd(2014)hiv and dementia online,availablehttp//www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/guide/hiv-dementia9/12/2014.COARSE MATERIALCreative discipline (2013)healthcare assistant traineeship,5n2770care skills, Dublinsolas.Type textType textType textDoes macrocosm Growth Pose Threats To Humanity?Does Population Growth Pose Threats To Humanity?Over the past decades, universe of discourse growth has grown significantly and the earths resources are not replenishing fast enough to keep up with the growth rate. Increase in population had put more pressure on the earths resources as they are being used more. Excessive population has led to congestion, poor living conditions, pollution, and general environmental degradation.Research use of goods and servicesThe main purpose of this paper is to determine how population growth is affected the way we live, our environment and consequently, the sustainability of mans activities. i.e. will the effects of these activities have an effect on the capacity of the earth to sustain humanity?Method of inquiryThe method of inquiry for this paper will be literature review. Various literatures by different authors will be used to determine whether population growth does pose a threat to humanity.Limitations of the studyThe study was limited to the effects of population growth on humanity.Working definitionsHumanity Refers to the human speciesPopulation Number of species inhabiting an area at a specific timeOver population Overpopulation refers to the state where a species inhabiting an area put pressure on the ecosystems as the ecosystems can no longer be able to sustain the popu lationPopulation growth Refers to the adjoin in the population of a certain area over time.Environmental degradation Refers to the deterioration of the state of the environment due to mans activities.Scope of InquiryThis paper will cover works of various authors who have written on population growth, over population and the effects of population growth on the environment.Literature reappraisalEffects of population growth on the environmentThomas Malthus argued that means of subsistence affected the increase or decrease of a population. Malthus first brought the population business to attention he brought up the issue of food supplies and arithmetical ratios. correspond to Malthus, while population change magnitude geometrically, food resources would only increase arithmetically. Over time, this system has proven to be true in the sense that population tends to increase if people have the means of subsistence to maintain the population. i.e. as peoples means of subsistence in crease, they significantly increase in population.As human population continuously growing, the biggest issue facing the Earth is the collective demand humans put upon it. Increase in the tote up population also change magnitude consumption of resources. Besides that, excessive population growth is responsible for many of our Planets issues traffic congestion, poor living conditions, global warming, handicraft difficulties, hunger, poverty etc. it also causes environmental pollution and degradation (Wilson). Yet, destroy, water, mineral and other indwelling resources are diminishing due to population growth. As such a large population living on Earth and sharing scarcity of resources like water and food. Humans were compelled extract resources to meet their demands, at the akin time, use modern technology abusively to modify the environment.Of all the humans who have ever lived, 6.4 percent are alive today. The number of people is provoke natural systems, destroying biodivers ity, and challenging efforts to control global warming. Because of the increased availability of family-planning services, fertility is declining worldwide-from 2.56 children per woman at present to a projected 2.02 in 2050 (Wenner).Wild fires have become a common phenomenon due to poor land management, increased carelessness by the people, cutting down of trees leaving large tracts of bare land and many other issues like lack of clear policies governing land use. Fresh water is hard to access due to the increased population and conclusion of water catchment areas, which has also led to the loss of biodiversity (Shaw 201). Climate change may occur gradually but some of its effects may be irreversible and in some cases, unstoppable. For example, seas levels are rising due to melting of ice. Some areas have become more prone to the effects of earthquakes due to the excavation of these areas in search of fuels. (Herald).Energy use patterns as a result of population growthFood is a for m of button however, it is also a consumer of fogy fuel that is used in its production, transportation, and preparation. A study calculated the energy intensity of food production from agriculture, transportation, processing, food sales, storage, and preparation for 2007 as 8080 760 trillion BTU. In 1995, approximately 27% of edible food was bony, and the study concluded from this that 2030 160 trillion BTU of energy were embedded in the 2007 ineffectual food (6464). While the above figures only reflect the United states, the overall increased energy use in the whole world has increased at an alarming rate. This is due to the increased energy demands for purposes of industrialization and mechanization.Recent food shortages, blamed in part on the growth of the bio-fuels industry, have created a new awareness of the relationship amidst food and energy. Over last 50 years we have seen increased agricultural productivity thanks to the adoption of new technologies and inputs, whic h are largely establish on fossil fuels. Minimal human labor is therefore being less used and mechanization has been highly adopted.Mechanization of the agriculture sector, improved fertilizers, more resilient crops, and the development of pesticides, all of which rely on fossil fuels, are the reasons for the increased productivity. The food waste figures do not include food wasted on the farm, in fisheries, and during processing and relies on outdated food consumption and waste data, some of which is from the 1970s (Wenner). Because of economic and population growth, the total amount of food production and consumption has grown since the latest food loss study for 1995, and the portion of income Americans spend on food has dropped. From this, the researchers hypothesized that the current amount of food wasted to be higher compared to the USDAs 1995 estimates. If this is true, addressing food waste represents an opportunity for avoided energy consumption.Population growth has led to heavier traffic, rural urban migration causing urban sprawl, increased depletion of natural resources and increased emission of CFC gases that are responsible for the ozone layer depletion. In the United States, immigration by people from the less developed countries is the main cause of increasing population and it is estimated that over the next four decades population growth caused by immigration will account for 82% of the total population growth. each year, more than a million people achieve permanent residency and become American Citizens (U.S. Census Bureau). As the immigrants move into the United States, they do not change their consumption patterns and they tend to increase the countrys emission in an alarming rate.The environmental trespass of a society can be measured by multiplying the number of people by the capita influence and the index of environmental damages caused by people. The environmental damage of the society in this case could involve the part used in l ighting and heating, paper factories that use trees to manufacture paper and many other industries that people have put up for economic reasons. This does not necessarily mean that the highest level of development have cause more environmental damage. Lower and sometimes the lowest levels of development underestimate the environmental restore e.g. most of the poor people use fuel wood for their daily uses. This therefore leads to massive cutting down of trees though this may occur in small stages but over a period of time, the damage made could be far much worse than estimated. Higher developments on the other hand may overestimate environmental damage. This is because most of the industries in most countries have environmental policies that have been put in place to safeguard the environment. In most cases, higher developments yield more benefits and do less damage to the environment.Human enterprise has significantly grown from the 19th Century.. There is therefore a need to deve lop policies to help curb this predicament. As standards of living and life expectancy continue increasing, there has been need for more technological innovations and therefore, industries have led to increased coulomb emissions and this continues rising. The forests have been cleared to create more space for development and the natural ecosystems have been thrown out of balance. The coral reefs face are like a shot on the verge of extinction as they face stress form pollutants in the ocean, tourism, fishing and carbonate chemistry which is a result of the increased carbon dioxide in the ocean surface waters (Shaw 205).At the lowly levels of industrialization, energy use perhaps underestimates ecological impact. For instance, underprivileged people can cause barren environmental damage through deforestation in search of firewood.At the uppermost development levels, use of energy probably miscalculate environmental impact for instance, a given quantity of energy use in Japan, West ern Europe, or the US, certainly provides additional benefits with less harm than the same amount used in Russia or Poland due to the greater effectiveness and tighter environmental bylaws. Although these countries pose severe dangers due to increased industrialization, developing countries in Africa affect the environment as people expand their farms for food sufficiency.ConclusionA pioneering analysis of the worlds ecosystems reveals a widespread decline in the condition of the worlds ecosystems due to increasing resource demands. According to the World Resources Institute (WRI) if the decline in the Worlds ecosystems continues, human development and the welfare of all species could be greatly affected in a negative way since the ecosystems capacity to produce food, water , maintain the biodiversity and storage of atmospheric carbon and provision of recreation opportunities would be thoroughly compromised (Wilson). To make matters worse, as our ecosystems decline, we are also raci ng against time since scientists lack baseline knowledge needed to determine properly the conditions of such systems.Population growth has largely been felt in biodiversity where it is now being considered a primary threat (Wilson). This is because, increased population has led to the introduction of exotic species in a bid to satisfy human needs and wants economically and these exotic species are throwing the delicate ecosystem out of balance. Illegal and unregulated hunting, fishing, and trade in wildlife products are also deleting many species (Wilson).Population growth, therefore, can be considered the greatest threat to humanity it is therefore necessary to curb rapid population to be able to manage our environment and live sustainably. Alternative energy sources also need to be established so as to reduce the dependence on bio-fuels.Work CitedCensus Bureau. World Population 1950-2050. June 28, 2010. November 20, 2010 Cuellar, Amanda Webber, Michael. extra Food, Wasted Energy The Embedded Energy in Food Waste in the United States. Environmental Science Technology. 44. 16 (2010) 6464-6469Herald. Human population growth. January 20, 2004. November 20, 2010. Shaw. Rapid Population Growth and Environmental Degradation Ultimate versus Proximate Factors. Environmental Conservation, 16(1989) 199-208Wenner, Jennifer. Population growth. Population growth and resource depletion. January 02, 2009. November 21, 2010 Wilson, E. Environmental Impacts from Unsustainable Population Growth. October 31, 2010. November 20, 2010.

Documentary photography

Documentary snatchyIntroDocumentary picture taking is ex tiped material body that is, a work composed of a sizeable number of catchs. Some relation to text is a given, charge if its only minimal, as in the appellative of subject, date, and location the text may in fact be extensive. There is no external time limit implicit in this form rough documentary projects deem stretched over decades.For this reason, the documentary lensman is similarly to progress to the opportunity to refine the project, non only through the analysis of the work-in-progress at diverse stages but level(p) by the reshooting of unsatisfactory segments of the work. The elaborate nature of such projects lends itself to subjects that ar seen as enduring for oft the same reason, the final forms they assume tend to be durable the book and the exhibition pee to date functioned as the primary embodiments of documentary projects, though certain audio-visual formats are serving this purpose with increa se frequency.The expose, the compassion and turn outrage, of documentary fuelled by the dedication to reform has shaded over into combinations of exoticism, tourism, voyeurism, psychologism, and metaphysics, trophy hunting and careerism.It is easy to understand why what has ceased to be news becomes testimonial to the attack aircraft carrier of the news. Documentary testifies, finally, to the bravery or (dare we name it?) the manipulativeness and savvy of the photographer, who entered a situation of physical danger, friendly restrictedness, human decay, or combinations of these and saved us the trouble. Or who, ilk the astronauts, entertained us by showing us the fannys we never hope to go. War picture taking, slum photography, subculture or cult photography, photography of the foreign poor, photography of deviance.As I see it, the intentions of a documentary photographer are to record some aspects of candor, by producing a moving picture of what the photographer saw and wh ich portends to represent that man in as objective a manner as possible.I believe we affirm already discussed in all sorts of forums the fact that photography per se, is tantamount(predicate) to manipulation. That the impact of the lens selected, the film chosen, and all the other technical variables leave immense room to question the so called faithful federal agency of reality. So let us not mull over this one endlessly, as I think it thins the debate rather enhances it.The journalist is not some copier elevator car that only if reproduces mindlessly what is lined on the platen in front of her. He weaves and puts together the information in order to insure that it undefiledly portrays the information presented in a decision making process that supports the story being presented.As I have come to understand it, it has mainly to do with past traditions and customs. It patently flies in the face of reason, that if one would alter an image, it no longer could call itself a document. What is wrong in that analysis is that any and all alterations have been treated equal (they are all bad). We know for a fact that not all alterations have the same justifications behind them, that some alterations can even contribute to enhance the veracity of an image rather than the opposite. Furtherto a greater extent, many of the fears related to the conceptual changes for photography have to do mainly with a loss of evidence of what the photograph actually is delivering, in so far as a document, with little debate roughly the veracity of the content of a given image.We are of course dealing here with the same sort of respectable debates around editing a story, be that with text or film, even sound tracks, something everyone has been discussing for a long time. For photography it is no different. Why should it be?Since the 1980s photojournalism has been at a crossroads. Digital technologies do impinge on the routines, rituals, traditions, and behaviors of photojour nalists. Digital technologies do call for a variety of skill-sets that could not have been imagined a half-century ago. The photojournalist of the future volition understand the ethical responsibilities that come with electronic digital manipulation.The rise of documentary photography does not spring from fashion. Rather its rapid growth represents strong organic forces at work, strong creative impulses seeking an outlet suitable to the serious and puree spirit of our age. The proof that documentary photography is not a fad or a vogue lies in the history of other movements in photography.Against this ruler of sterility, of ideas which could not reproduce themselves, we have the new function (and evolving from it the new esthetic) of documentary photography, an application of photography direct and realistic, dedicated to the profound and sober chronicling of the external world. To Lewis Hine, who thirty-five years ago was making photographs of child labor in sweat shops and tex tile mills, the vague tenents of pictorialism or the even less purposeful purposes of the photogram or rayograph mustiness(prenominal) be incomprehensible. To the hard-working photographers of the Farm Security Administration, the somewhat remote and abstruse manner of the spiritual heirs of the Photo-Secession may seem too refined. To such a photographer as Berenice Abbott, setting down the tangible visage of New York in precise detain and lineament, the sentimental fantasies of a Fassbinder must be well nigh incredible.We have all had a surfeit of pretty pictures, of romantic views of hilltop, seaside, rolling fields, skyscrapers seen askew, picturesque bits of bread and butter torn out of their sordid context. It is life that is exciting and important and life whole and unretouched.By virtue of this new spirit of realism, photography looks now at the external world with new centers, the eyes of scientific, uncompromising honesty. The camera eye cannot lie, is lightly said. O n the contrary, the camera eye usually does nothing but lie.But the external world is those facts of decay and change, of social retrogression and injusticeas well as the wide miles of America and its vast mountain ranges. The external world, we may add, is the world of human beings and, whether we see their faces or the works of their hands and the consequences, tragic or otherwise, of their social institutions, we look at the world with a new orientation, a good deal concerned with what is outside than with the inner ebb and f gloomy of consciousness.The fact is a thousand clock more than than important than the photographer his personality can be intruded only by the worst taste of exhibitionism this at last is reality. Yet, also, by the sight and intelligence he possesses and uses, the photographer controls the new esthetic, finds the signifi incline truth and gives it significant form.BodyA new propagation of photographers has directed the documentary approach toward mor e personal end. Their aim has not been to reform life, but to know it. Their work betrays a sympathy al around an affection for the imperfections and frailties of society. They like the real world, in pique of its terrors, as the source of all wonder and fascination and value no less precious for being irrational . . . . What they hold in common is the vox populi that the commonplace is really worth looking at, and the courage to look at it with a minimum of theorizing.Contemporary documentary practice by photographers such as Fazal Sheikh, Simon Norfolk, Luc Delahaye, Paul Graham, Martin Parr and Pedro Meyer examine the social world with a measured sense of contemplation, challenging the traditional conventions of documentary photography in revealing a fancy and voice about the real world.As I see it, the intentions of a documentary photographer are to record some aspects of reality, by producing a depiction of what the photographer saw and which portends to represent that re ality in as objective a manner as possible. If we can agree to that description, I can already see our critics pounding on their desks accompanied by some degree of glee on their faces, as they suggest that this is precisely the reason why thither is no room for the computer to be apply in recreating documentary images.That the impact of the lens selected, the film chosen, and all the other technical variables leave ample room to question the so called faithful representation of reality.So why are so many people up in arms about the idea that a photograph edited in the computer is not really a true documentary representation? As I have come to understand it, it has mainly to do with past traditions and customs.It has been widely commented that much of the important photojournalism of the last several years has been done by amateurs London vacuum tube bombing, Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, coffins of American soldiers coming from Iraq, young woman being flogged in Afghanistan, etc. A nd now, of course, in that location are the many images from Iran by amateurs which become even more critical as professionals are banned from the country.Instead of a single iconic photograph we will often be looking at resourcefulness made by people who, as amateurs, are not schooled in the history of photographythey will be making imagery for information, not to flex or ca-ca new icons. As such, their imagery will probably often be some(prenominal) more original and more awkward, but it may also make it more difficult to find the telling metaphors. In this sense, the imagery will be more modest and probably more credible.The exigency for professional photo essayists with deep instincts of specific cultures, some(prenominal) insiders and foreigners, is more crucial than ever. Somehow they must be paid for their work, and equally important is to find places for them to publish. resembling writers and editors, photojournalists are held to a standard of morality. Each public ation has a set of rules, sometimes written, sometimes unwritten, that governs what that publication considers to be a truthful and faithful representation of images to the public. These rules cover a wide range of topics such as how a photographer should act while taking pictures, what he or she can and cant photograph, and whether and how an image can be altered in the darkroom or on the computer. This ethical framework evolved over time, influenced by such things as technological efficacy and community values and it is continually developing today.News images shape our culture in ways both profound and deep.These photos have woven themselves into the collective computer storage of a generation. There are some who would even say that the mounting weight of photographic evidence was the primary cause for public opinion to shake against the war in Vietnam, and hence effected an end to the war itself. As such, to borrow a phrase from pop culture, With great power comes great respo nsibility.1 Responsible photojournalism means adherence to a standard of ethics.Photographic and video images can reveal great truths, expose wrongdoing and neglect, inspire hope and understanding and connect people around the globe through the language of visual understanding. Photographs can also cause great harm if they are callously invasive or are manipulated.Ethics is an inherently subjective field. In his seminal textbook, Photojournalism, the Professionals Approach, author and photojournalism professor Kenneth Kobr writes, Photojournalism has no Bible, no rabbinical college, no Pope to intend correct choices.8 There is no sole arbiter of what is or isnt ethical, and even if on that point were, the line isnt always black and white. Most texts regarding ethics in photojournalism focus on the issue of what power be termed photographic truth whether a particular image accurately represents the subject or whether it misleads the viewer. The National promote Photographers Ass ociation Code of Ethics states that the primary goal of the photojournalist is the faithful and comprehensive depiction of the subject at hand.Additionally, photojournalistic ethics might encompass the choices an individual photographer makes while shooting. For modeling, should a war photographer put down his cameras in order to help an injured soldier? If someone asks that his or her photo not be interpreted, is it ethical to photograph that person anyway? If ethics in photojournalism is about being faithful and comprehensive, is intentionally underexposing or poorly foc utilise unethical? Some of these questions sit on the line between journalistic ethics and professionalism.Utilitarianism as a philosophy attempts to weigh positives and negatives of a situation, and maximize the good for the superlative number of people. For example, if gruesome photos of a car crash offend the victims families, but shock the community into driving safely, then by Utilitarianism the taking and publication of those photos is deemed to be ethical.Photographer-centric ethics have to do with photographers choices at the time news photos are captured up until the photos are handed off to an editor. Whether or not to pose a subject, the question regarding what to do with a wounded soldier in combat, and how a photographer treats an image in the darkroom (or in the computer) are all matters of photographer-centric ethics.The method apply to reproduce photographs on the printing press was not perfected until the 1880s, and it was not widely adopted for several more years. The New York generation, for example, did not publish photos until 1896. though The New York Times printed its first photographs in a Sunday Magazine in 1896, the newspaper was not without visual imagery before then. Advertisements in The Times throughout the 1880s bluster drawings and etchings, and those tools were occasionally used for news purposes.Though photography was known to many people and gaining po pularity as an art form at the time, newspapers lacked the technology (and therefore the ability) to include photographic images as part of their reportage. This, however, did not stop some newspapers from hiring photographers and making use of their images. Some period newspapers employed both graphic artists and news photographers.This process was used at many different newspapers from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. The hand-drawn images were popular with readers, and publishers were loathe to switch over to the newer photographic technology. That technology, the halftone engraving process, employed a fine screen that converted an image to a series of dots.When, at last, newspapers and magazines were able to regularly feature photographic images, the photos themselves were almost as much of a story as the news itself. Newspapers throughout the early twentieth century are rife with worlds first photo of images.Around the reach of the century, smaller and less complex photo eq uipment started to become ready(prenominal). Celluloid film, first used for photographic purposes in 1888, was rapidly replacing glass as the substrate for photographic chemicals. This, along with Kodaks famous Box Brownie camera allowed more people to start taking photographs of their own.Among the public, the spread of amateur photography sparked by George Eastmans Kodak and other small cameras and the invention of faster lenses, shutters, and film led to a taste for candid, often close-up images with a sense of immediacy and spontaneity the posed group portraying was obsolete in leading media by circa 1900.In the 1930s, technology started to work in the photojournalists favor. The Leica camera, invented in 1914 and marketed in 1925, gained popularity first with photographic luminaries such Robert Capa and Henri Cartier-Bresson, and then tardily with the rest of the industry.Thwarted by military censors from reporting the what, where, and how of World War I, journalists engage d the who the human interest stories that were already a staple of early 20th century media. These were cheaper and easier to file than hard news and analysis. they were also encouraged by the new light weight cameras and faster lenses introduced in the mid-1920s.These easily handled cameras performed in low light and could be used surreptitiously. If they did not give birth to the paparazzi as well as street photographers those nimble observers of lifes odd encounters and human comedies they helped make spontaneous, lynx-eyed photojournalism a key language of modern vision. They changed the approach of photo reporters no longer official observers beholden to those in power, photojournalists could be the eyes of the public prying, amused, or watchdog eyes.The split in U.S. society over the war in Vietnam and the controversy about it worldwide were reflected in media coverage, which in turn helped sharpen encounter to the war from around 1968. Photojournalism itself changed. Th e issues were too complex for neat photographic embodiments, and the war itself had few triumphs.While posing photos and staging news events had been taboo for some time, there was little precedent to inform photographers as to how and whether to render aid to their subjects during active combat. On one hand, helping a wounded soldier might have saved his life. On the other hand, helping out made photographers complicit with their subjects, and removed some of the distance necessary for journalistic objectivity.As photographic technology move to evolve into the 1980s and 1990s, so too did photojournalistic ethics. The early 1990s saw the dawn of purely digital news photography. In the 1980s, magazines and newspapers started to experiment with incorporating digitized images into their layouts. Though some photojournalists were carrying laptops to remote places, setting up makeshift darkrooms, and scanning and transmitting film photos, the digital switchover did not start in earnest until 1992.With digital technology came digital photo manipulation. While the tenets of ethical news photography still held, there were notable breaches.Throughout photographys history, an unsuspecting public has been fooled by manipulated images. What is of concern to modern media watchers is the justifications used to alter images through computer technology not the fact that such alterations can be published without detection.The difference between todays citizen photojournalism and the aforementioned examples is the ubiquity of the resource devices in modern society. In 2004, consumers bought 257 million camera-equipped mobile phones. By comparison, during the same time only 68 million digital cameras were sold.69 Millions upon millions of people are manner of walking around with cameras in their pockets, waiting to become accidental photojournalists. Unfortunately, the vast majority of people in the general public are not aware of the nuances of photojournalistic ethics. wo rse until now, there are people who actively try to dupe or trick the mainstream media into using ethically questionable (or flat-out fake) images. Not only can faked photos be misleading, they can have dramatic real-world consequences. During the 2004 election, it was briefly but widely reported that Senator John Kerry and activist Jane Fonda spoke at the same anti-Vietnam war rally. The accompanying photograph depicts Fonda and Kerry standing together at a podium.Nowhere was the power of citizen photojournalism more clearly demonstrated than in the summer of 2005 during the London subway bombings. On July 7, 2005, leash bombs exploded on London subway cars, and a fourth detonated on a bus. Fifty-two people died, and some 700 were injured.74 Within minutes of the blasts, citizens began chronicling the aftermath using both standalone cameras and cameras embedded in mobile devices. While working photojournalists and other members of the press responded as quickly as they could, the ir still images were not as well-educated or warm as those taken by the affected passengers. Some of those passengers who took pictures with their mobile devices later uploaded them to photo-sharing websites like flickr.com. The next day, in a journalistic first, both The New York Times and the Washington Post ran front-page camera phone images that were taken by citizens, not by photojournalists.75 In describing the emerging citizen journalism trend, Dennis Dunleavy of The Digital diarist writes, The future is here, now. The future came with the Abu Ghraib prison scandal, the devastation of the tsunami in the Pacific late last year, and now without question, London. The digital camera phone is the future and we have much to learn from this emerging technology.76ConclusionThe great challenge here is to deconstruct previous templates so that they not be relied upon to continue the generic typecasting of journalism famine, flood, bombing, crime wave, accident, power figures, etc. A conversational media will begin with the humanity of the person (the subject), not their social ranking. Rather than being looked at by the journalist, it will be generally better to think of the subject as potentially becoming involved in the conversation.Since photography itself is only about one hundred fifty years old, this was not always the case. It would be impossible, of course, for photojournalistic ethics to predate photojournalism itself.While the concept of ethics has been around since the dawn of recorded history, photography has not. As of this writing, photography is still less than two hundred years old. It is fairly obvious that no ethical system could exist for any sort of photojournalism before photography was invented. This might appear to suggest an acceptable date from which to begin studying ethics in American photojournalism why not start at the first-class honours degree of photography? Even after Nicphore Nipce fixed the first permanent photographic im ages in 1826, it took several decades (and several inventors) before mankind had the technology to splice photography with text on the printed page.Photojournalism is a large and diverse field with very little consensus regarding ethics, even within small sub-genres (community newspaper photojournalism, for example). While most working press photographers should be aware of the consequences of ethical breaches, there is no Photojournalists Hippocratic Oath, no common Ten Commandments of ethics in photojournalism, nor are there standard punishments for ethical violations. Each publication and news organization sets its own ethical standards, which may simply come down to what it will tolerate, or what will sell more papers, in terms of pushing the ethical envelope.Sometimes these rules are written down in concrete codes of ethics, and sometimes they are simply the empirical sum of what is acceptable to the staff or a particular editor at a particular publication.Images in our pages that purport to depict reality must be genuine in every way. No people or objects may be added, rearranged, reversed, distorted or removed from a moving picture (except for the recognized practice of cropping to omit extraneous outer portions). Adjustments of color or gray scale should be limited to those minimally necessary for clear and accurate reproduction, analogous to the burning and dodging that formerly took place in darkroom processing of images. Pictures of news situations must not be posed. In the cases of collages, montages, portraits, fashion or seat design illustrations, fanciful contrived situations and demonstrations of how a device is used, our interposition should be unmistakable to the reader, and unmistakably free of intent to deceive. Captions and credits should further acknowledge our intervention if the slightest doubt is possible. The design director, a masthead editor or the news desk should be consulted on doubtful cases or proposals for exceptions.After tracing the history of ethics in photojournalism and examining the state of those ethics today, one cannot help but wonder where photojournalistic ethics are going. Since nobody can confidently predict the future, the only natural selection is to examine current trends and extrapolate. Certain issues are on the cutting edge of the present photojournalistic ethics discussion, and those issues are likely to play significant roles in geological formation tomorrows photojournalism. Of course, without a crystal ball there is no way to be sure.From the invention of flash powder that made it possible for Jacob Riis to document the hideous conditions in New York tenements, to the Adobe Photoshop software that Brian Walski used to doctor his image, technology has certainly played a part in the evolution of todays ethical system. One might even say that technology has been the prevailing influence in the evolution of todays ethical system (at the very least, but for the technology of photo graphy itself, there would be no photojournalism). Likewise, technology will almost certainly be the driving influence regarding ethics in the future.Multiple factors will drastically change the ethical landscape. These include the further assimilation of digital photography work-flows into the newsroom, the improvement of consumer photo technology, and the omnipresence of photo technology including cameras in portable devices such as mobile phone phones and PDAs. The shift away from printed material and towards electronic media for image consumption will also leave its own mark on photojournalistic ethics.Digital photography is the predominant means of image capture for American newspaper and magazine photojournalism today. Not only has it been that way for several years, the rate at which it has taken over is astounding.This bitwise blitz of sorts has brought with it new and difficult ethical challenges. In the old days before digital photography, images had a definite physical ity. Photographs were fixed on pieces of film acetate cover in a chemical emulsion and developed in chemical baths. A photograph was something that could be held in ones hand. While not impossible, it was far more difficult to pull off a convincing photo fake. Twenty years ago, Brian Walski could never have doctored his image in the field. What might have taken minutes on his laptop would have taken hours, or even days, in a darkroom. Though the news cycle has sped up considerably since then, even two decades ago most newspapers and magazines couldnt afford that sort of delay before publication.65 Using Adobe Photoshop, the software with which Walski effected his fake, is more convenient, more effective, and easier than altering photos in a wet darkroom.Newer cameras and more powerful editing software both impact photojournalistic ethics, however sometimes that impact can be surprising. Since so much of the substance of journalistic ethics is about the process rather than the res ult, technology that enables new (or old) processes will automatically impact the ethical landscape. One recent example is the release of the Nikon D2x camera. The D2x is a professional caliber SLR with a unique feature it allows the photographer to create multiple-exposure images in the camera itself.66 Before digital imaging, most SLR cameras came with a switch that allowed the photographer to cock the shutter without advancing the film. This allowed the photographer to expose the same frame of film multiple times. One frequent use for this feature was to couple it with a motor drive, and take a sequence of photos that showed motion throughout a single frame. With the advent of the digital SLR, photographers lost the ability to use this technique in-camera. For a similar effect, photographers could take a series of images and overlay them with digital editing software. Most publications, however, insisted upon labeling these images as photo-illustrations because of the ex post fa cto manipulation. The Nikon D2x restored the photojournalists license to create multiple exposure images.In addition to professional equipment, consumer and prosumer camera technology is also improving, and cameras included in mobile devices are starting to become more popular. Many of these mobile devices are networked (cell phones, for example), and are capable of transmitting images in near real time. During major news events, some photo editors are swamp with images from citizen photojournalists.67 Citizen journalism, of course, is nothing new.This widespread citizen media production and consumption raises an important question. With more and more people carrying cameras in their pockets, will the future have a place for the professional photojournalist? At first the question seems compelling for two reasons access and tools. In terms of access, it is impossible for a small cadre of trained photojournalists to be everywhere and to photograph everything that is newsworthy. Ther e were no working photojournalists aboard the London bus and trains that were bombed, but there were people with camera phones. With each successive generation of camera phone improving in resolution and quality, the gap between the professionals tools and the citizens tools is closing, just as the ubiquity of those tools is increasing.Professionalism, however, connotes more than being in the right place at the right time with the right camera. In the photojournalism industry, professionalism means technical skill, news gathering experience, and of course ethics. Photojournalist Nancy L. Ford writesA photojournalists job is to go out and experience life for others, to capture an event on film, and hopefully capture the emotion that was experienced, so the readers can see and feel what it was like to be there.The photojournalist must capture the truth, too. This means the photographer must only photograph what has happened, when it happened and not recreate a situation because they d idnt get there on time. They must not move things around on the scene of an event to make the pictures look better. They must not alter their photographs on the computer or in the darkroom, like take an ugly telephone pole out of a picture. The photojournalist must also tell the truth, just like the reporter.77The unsupervised approach may be even more of a problem with photography, because the meaning of an image can be manipulated through use in a false context, or no context at all. In the looting that followed the fall of Saddam Husseins regime there were photographs of US soldiers with arms full of money taken off the looters they had arrested, and which they were move to an appropriate location. The same photographs could represent responsible people attempting to restore law and order, or ruthless invaders plundering the country that was their victim, your choice, depending on who you are and where you are. With technology alter even the most unskilled amateur to take good quality photographs such misrepresentations are likely to occur more frequently. Not only will there be a greater number of images of any given event, but once theyre on the Internet they will be readily available to anyone with an agenda. Furthermore, amateur photographers dont have the same training as professional photojournalists, nor have they acquired the same experience and instincts.78This professionalism, experience, and instinct is what ensures the existence of the photojournalist well into the future. Reportage has occured since the dawn of printed news, yet seldom is the place of the professional print journalist questioned. This is in spite of the fact that ordinary citizens sometimes have greater or more immediate access, and that many people carry pencils and paper (the tools of the print journalists trade). In the world of written journalism, professional journalists (who are bound by their own ethics) cull quotations from non-journalists. heedless blogs, nobody ask s citizens to write whole news articles about what they witness. In other words, though recently The New York Times ran a camera phone image that was taken by a citizen photojournalist on its front page, it is doubtful that they

The Aerospike :: physics aerospike rocket engine

When a come ups fuel ignites, the molecules in the fuel release a tremendous amount of energy in the forms of heat, light, and sound. They expand rapidly as they move from the throat of the nozzle into the bell. The compressed air inside the b eitheroon wants to expand outward. Therefore it presses against the walls of the balloon in either direction except the place where there is no wall - the nozzle of the balloon. Because there is no cast vector in this location, adding the vectors yields a net force to the right.A bell nozzle, where a fuel (liquid Hydrogen) mixes with an oxidizer (liquid Oxygen) at a rate m. As they ignite they are forced into the throat, where they are compressed substantially. As they move out into the bell, they steadily expand, button against the nozzle and creating a net upward thrust, similar to the compressed air pushing on the walls of the balloon. Luckily, a rocket can be controlled more than a released balloon.Nozzles do not have to be bell shaped - as long as gas is expanding and pushing against a surface, creating thrust, any shape can be used One alternative to the bell engine is the spike configuration. In particular, the Aerospike engine will be described and analyzed.The Spike, or annular, engine is one of three basic engine designs cones, bells, and annulars.The Cone is the simplest engine design. A cone with a narrow angle provides the superior thrust, but a longer engine means increased weight. A short, wide-angle cone tends to be unstable under pressure (in the atmosphere). For example, the Apollo Saturn 5 feature long, relatively thin nozzles for optimum thrust at sea level. The Command Module, which operated only in space, utilized a comparatively wider engine for more enlargement in space. The Bell nozzle is a compromise, opening up more rapidly snuggle the throat and then opening more slowly near the end. However, bell nozzles are optimized for specific altitudes, therefore they will only provide their maxi mum thrust at a given altitude - at all other points they will provide less-than-optimum thrust.The annular, or altitude compensating engine is a more recently developed design. Commonly referred to as Spike engines, annulars operate with tucker flow outside what is typically thought of as the nozzle. The exhaust flows around a central spike, rather than being contained by walls. They are called annular because the throat is donut-shaped, with the spike protruding from the middle.

Sigmund Freud :: essays research papers

What is the origin of your theories and what evidence do you have to back them up?Sigmund Freud developed many theories in an effort to answer the mystery of a somebodys conscious and subconscious. The evidence for these theories came through years of analysis of patients and himself. In point many of his ideas and beliefs came from his own psychoanalysis. His invention of psychoanalysis ha allowed us to discover understand the Oedipus Complex, dreams, and symptoms of hysteria.Certain patients of Freud would display signs and symptoms of hysteria and instead of excepting a doctors diagnostic he would delve into their mind in order to come on a resolution. After analyzing numerous patients he came to the belief that certain events are never forgotten. A memory that would possible cause this problem would not go on away but rather just burrow itself into the persons conscious. The only way these events could ever be reached would be when the conscious would release its barrier and this could be do under hypnosis. Once the event and it feelings were relived the symptoms were gone. Freud came to the conclusion that the symptoms were a way of the conscious discharging the affect of the memory. In time Freud came to realize that a more productive regularity of recalling the memories was through free association or just talking about whatever is in your head. When this was performed on patients and the feedback was studied Freud was amazed that an abundance of it dealt with sexual childishness experiences.This type of feedback became common in Freuds free association sessions. What the patient talked about was not perfectly straight forward it was instead disguised. This disguising was common because it was a tool used buy the conscious in order to protect itself. Eventually these childhood experiences developed into the theory of the Oedipus complex. This complex meant that since a majority of a small child life is spent with just two parents, he forms an att raction to the opposite sex and a resentment towards the go. The Oedipus Complex in fact had strong support from Freuds own experiences. As a boy he had seen his own mother naked and had become sexually aroused. And also when his father died it stirred up memories of when he had hated his father and even imagined his death. He remarked, I have found a love of the mother and a jealously of the father in my own case too, and now believe it to be a general phenomenon of earliest childhood, even if it does not occur so early as in children who have been made hysterics.